The Da Vinci Code free essay sample

Robert and Sophie will break cryptex’s and re-arranged words with number riddles, run from the police, and cheat passing in this stunning book. For instance for one of the codes they need to break the key opens a sheltered store box at the Paris part of the Depository Bank of Zurich. Saunieres account number ends up being 10 digits. The digits of the initial eight Fibonacci numbers: 1 2 3 5 8 13 21. On the off chance that you like this, there are a lot more to come. Second of All, why I figure individuals should peruse this book is on the grounds that, this book has bunches of data in the pages about Christianity, Da Vinci, and significantly more. So if you’re in to finding out about things while you read this is certainly the book you should peruse. A definitive arrangement is seen as personally associated with the conceivable area of the Holy Grail. This all additionally connects to the historical backdrop of Christianity and it connects to Da Vinci. We will compose a custom paper test on The Da Vinci Code or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the event that you think this data is fascinating hold up till you read this data filled book. Last however Certainly Not Least, why I figure individuals should peruse this book is on the grounds that, of this awesome story line they utilized in this book. The tale has a few simultaneous subplots interlacing the lives of various characters. In the long run, all the characters are united and the sub-plots settled in the primary plot toward the finish of the book. There is nothing that would make this story plot additionally astounding. The way that it resembles a criminologist case in light of the fact that, Bezu suspects Robert Langdon as a suspect of murdering Sauniere in the exhibition is simply so virtuoso. All in all, I figure individuals should peruse this book hence: this book is a dramatic and exciting novel, this book has heaps of data in the pages, and last the phenomenal story line they utilized in this book. On the off chance that any of these reasons intrigue you I prescribe this book to you. Actually, I propose you go to your nearby book shop and get this book. A little data never hurt anybody. Some Info. On Dan Brown Dan Brown was conceived on June 22, 1964. He experienced childhood in Exeter, New Hampshire. He is the creator of various smash hit books, including the 1 New York Times blockbuster, â€Å"The Da Vinci Code†. A standout amongst other selling books, time. It was distributed right off the bat in mid 2004 by Bantam Press.

British Airways PLC Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

English Airways PLC - Research Paper Example In like manner, The present proportion above shows that the all out resources for the year 2006 was 1.18 occasions the all out liabilities of the year. This implies the organization will have the option to pay all their present liabilities just as long haul liabilities when the developing date for their installments show up. What's more, the 2007 current proportion is superior to the 2006 current proportion. The Debt to Equity proportion above shows that the complete liabilities for the year 2007 was 4.15 occasions the all out value of the year. This implies the organization has four and 15/100 times assets originating from the loan bosses than the investors. The Debt to Equity proportion above shows that the all out liabilities for the year 2006 was 5.54 occasions the all out value of the year. This implies the organization has five and 54/100 times assets originating from the lenders than the investors. Also, the 2007 obligation to value proportion is superior to the 2006 obligation to value proportion. The Gross Profit proportion above shows that the gross benefit for the year 2007 was twenty eight percent of the net deals. This implies the organization was productive this year as far as cost of deals alone. The Gross Profit proportion above shows that the gross benefit for the year 2006 was twenty nine percent of the net deals. This implies the organization was beneficial this year as far as cost of deals alone. The Gross Profit proportion above shows that the gross benefit for the year 2006 was twenty nine percent of the net deals. This implies the organization was productive this year as far as cost of deals alone. Unfortunately, the gross benefit proportion for 2006 shows a superior image of the organization when contrasted with the 2007 gross benefit proportion. The Net Profit proportion above shows that the Net benefit for the year 2007 was three percent of the net incomes. This implies the organization was productive this year as far as cost of deals in addition to promoting and regulatory cost. The Net Profit proportion above shows that the Net benefit for the year 2006 was five percent of the net incomes. This implies the organization was gainful this year as far as cost of deals in addition to advertising and regulatory cost. Tragically, the net benefit proportion for 2006 shows a superior image of the organization when contrasted with the 2007 gross benefit proportion. Further, British Airways Chief Executive Willie Walsh was reasonable in expressing This is another acceptable arrangement of results regardless of taking off fuel expenses and challenges in the market. Income up somebody percent and a solid cost execution has prompted a working benefit up 28.5 percent. While fuel costs in the initial a half year were down 36 million, they have taken off 72 million in the second from last quarter. on February, 2008. This depends on the above calculations done in exceed expectations organization and duplicate - stuck to this report. Reference: http://stocks.us.reuters.com/stocks/ratios.aspsymt B. Consumer loyalty English Airways PLC is occupied with the activity of worldwide and local shipping of air travelers, cargo and other non - human load both locally or globally like the part conditions of the European Union. The organization's flight one hundred forty seven goals are situated in seventy five nations as of March, 2007 yet. As of March 31, 2007, it had satisfied the air travel needs of more than thirty 3,000,000 travelers. The organization had 200 forty two planes flying the European horizon. Regarding vital administration, the organization

Student Reflection on the U.S. Elections COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Student Reflection on the U.S. Elections COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We have received some concerned questions from prospective students about last week’s U.S. election results and what a Trump presidency means for students applying to SIPA. As a school of public and international affairs, SIPA has always been a place where students of different backgrounds can come together to peacefully and respectfully discuss their political views and challenge each other to expand their worldviews. We want to reassure everyone that SIPA will continue to encourage students to be open with each other and to advocate for what they believe in while respecting all members of our community. As a current student, it is clear to me that SIPA strives to be a supportive community for all of its students. In the days  since the election there have been several  discussions and forums set up for students to express their reactions to the election results, and a tremendous out pour of support from SIPA faculty and peers. Professors have been available to share their views and reflect on what the election means for the SIPA community, and students have gathered together to strategize for the coming years. The election results may have come as a shock to many, but that hasn’t gotten SIPA students down. This gives us the opportunity to use what we have learned here at SIPA and to unite together. I came to SIPA to advance my career in human rights advocacy, and this election cycle has only strengthened my resolve to achieve that goal. Whether you are upset or happy with the results of the election, and in the wake of political events the world over, it is time for everyone to take a long hard look at what the political system has become and how we can make it better. SIPA is the place for you to do that. The coursework, along with the opportunities to interact with experts in their respective fields and peers from around the world, will give you the knowledge and tools to overcome the challenges our world faces today. It is our responsibility to challenge what we see as unjust and to advocate on the behalf of others that are unable to do so themselves. SIPA will be just one stepping stone towards the positive change we all want for ourselves and the world. [Photo courtesy of Alejandra Rivera Flavia | New Yorkers posted Post-Its on subway walls to express their feelings about the election results.]

Henry David Thoreaus Views - 1218 Words

An American Author, Transcendentalist and tax resister, Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord Massachusetts, and lived there most of his life. He was opposed to many of the things that went on in our society and debated many issues in his life. Two of these major issues are , the Mexican American War and the implement of Slavery in our society. This was the reason for many of his writings include â€Å"Slavery in Massachusetts† and â€Å"Civil Disobedience† where he wrote about his principles and views against the U.S government and their involvement in the Mexican American War and the evil of Slavery. Thoreau opposed to these because they promote unjust government practices which he was strongly against. According to the American†¦show more content†¦Therefore, Thoreau asserted, he would pay no tax until the country he sought to improve did away with slavery and stopped waging unjust wars. The Mexican American war begins on April 25, 1846 in the wake of the 1845 annexation of Texas,because the Mexican government refused to recognize Texas as independent or the RIO GRANDE as an international boundary. The war ended in 1848 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This started because American believes that they needed to gain control over western lands which is the present-day states of New Mexico , Arizona , and California and portions of Colorado , Nevada , Wyoming , and Utah , in order to have more national security and to accommodate the increasingly number of people classified as slaves.. The annexation of Texas started the war with Mexico; this was not a good idea for Thoreau, because of his opposition to slavery which he describes as â€Å"A Moral Evilâ⠂¬  and the start of the MexicanShow MoreRelatedHenry David Thoreaus Views Of Freedom And Freedom804 Words   |  4 Pagesindividualists. These groups impacted and helped shape freedom and liberty. To have a better understanding of the groups and their views on freedom and liberty, we can look at a main leader from each group. For the abolitionist group, we can learn from former-slave Frederick Douglas about what they stand for. Then, for the individualist group we can learn from writer Henry David Thoreau and get an understanding of what they stand for. Even though these two men were a great voice for freedom and libertyRead More Views of Slavery and Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreaus Works1725 Words   |  7 PagesViews of Slavery and Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreaus Works Two men, similar in their transcendentalist beliefs and yet so different in their methods of expressing their beliefs on handling the issues of society, were major voices in the anti-slavery movement. While their focuses are more on the subjects of morality and individual choice, they still reflect on how slavery should be addressed by the American people, American referring to the free whites who actually make the decisionsRead MoreThoreau And Transcendentalism Analysis828 Words   |  4 PagesThoreau’s views on Transcendentalism and how he practiced it. If it has not become apparent thus far Emerson and Thoreau were close friends and lived with each other on occasion. Naturally because of their close friendship they influence each other’s work, but in most cases you can see Emerson’s influence in Thoreau’s works clearly. His is the main difference between the two writers however in their belief and writing patterns Thoreau loved nature. Thoreau’ s love of nature can e explained here inRead MoreHenry David Thoreau and the Counterculture1357 Words   |  6 Pages Transcendentalism is a literary and philosophical movement, associated with Henry David Thoreau and the Counterculture, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. Imagination and individuality are associated with the term. Henry David Thoreau who was a leading philosopher and poet was a leading transcendentalist. He compiled a novel titled Walden, a non-fiction depicting his stay at Walden Pond where he trulyRead MoreEssay The Incredible Henry David Thoreau1081 Words   |  5 Pagesthe integrity of their government. Henry David Thoreau was one such man. Henry Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts to a successful pencil manufacturer John Thoreau and a strong-willed, quick-witted mother, Cynthia. Early on Henry enjoyed reading books and observing nature in solitude. He inherited the gift of gab and intellectual inquiry from his mother as well as both Puritan and abolitionist ideals. In 1837 he graduated from Harvard. In 1841 Henry moved into Ralph Waldo Emersons homeRead MoreBeing a Good Citizen Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesobliged to blindly follow the government policies? It follows then, what is good citizenship? Henry David Thoreau provides an adequate definition of good citizenship within his essay, Civil Disobedience; Thoreau discusses certain characteristics of a good citizen. Examples of Thoreaus definition exist in both the ancient and contemporary culture. Sophocles describes Antigone as a good citizen by Thoreaus definition. Within the play, Antigone, Sophocles utilizes the character of Antigone to epitomizeRead MoreThe True Transcendentalist: Thoreau and Emerson775 Words   |  3 Pagesmovements the one that will be focused on is transcendentalism. Transcendentalism is intuition and individual conscience that helps lead to the truth. When transcendentalism began to start two people played a major role Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, but who is truly a transcendentalist. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 25, 1803. His father was a minister as well as seven of his male family members. He graduated from Harvard University at the age ofRead MoreWalden By Henry David Thoreau843 Words   |  4 PagesEveryone sees the world through their own eyes. Not two people can see something in the exact same way or interpret it the same way. They can each have their own opinion about the subject. In â€Å"Walden† by Henry David Thoreau, he has a very individualistic view on nature. In â€Å"Walden†, Thoreau goes out into the woods to try and live his life deliberately. Schneider states, â€Å" In 1845, he received permission from Emerson to use a piece of land that Emerson owned on the shore of Walden Pond.† He staysRead More Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendentalism730 Words   |  3 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau as Fathers of Transcendentalism Transcendentalism was a movement in writing that took place in the mid-nineteenth century. It formed in the early to mid nineteenth century and reached it climax around 1850 during an era commonly referred to as the American Renaissance, America’s Golden Day, or the Flowering of New England. The basic tenets of Transcendentalism involve the relationships between one’s self and the world at large. First, the searchRead More Henry David Thoreaus Civil Disobedience and Martin Luther Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail820 Words   |  4 PagesHenry David Thoreaus Civil Disobedience and Martin Luther Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, in â€Å"Civil Disobedience† and â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† respectively, both conjure a definitive argument on the rights of insubordination during specified epochs of societal injustice. Thoreau, in his enduring contemplation of life and its purpose, insightfully analyzes the conflicting relationship between the government and the people it governs. He considerately

Jonathan Swift’s Essay A Modest Proposal, and Voltaire’s...

There are two vastly differing works of literature that employ similar elements of satire, whether the story is long or short, essay or novella. In these two works, the authors bring light to ongoing social, political, and philosophical issues of their time and age. The two works I am referring to are Jonathan Swift’s satirical essay, A Modest Proposal, and Voltaire’s novella, Candide, or Optimism. In both A Modest Proposal and Candide, there is a portrayal of irony, cold logic and reasoning rather than emotion, and misguided philosophy. Exploring the issues within these texts can implement a better understanding of not only the literature itself, but also the historical context and the issues of the time. By delving even deeper into†¦show more content†¦This can also be seen when Pangloss churns out philosophical discourse rather than obtaining the oil and wine Candide was begging for after the shipwreck and the earthquake. ’Alas!’ said he to Pan gloss, ‘get me a little wine and oil; I am dying.’ ‘This concussion of the earth is no new thing,’ answered Pangloss. ‘The city of Lima, in America, experienced the same convulsions last year; the same cause, the same effects; there is certainly a train of sulphur under ground from Lima to Lisbon.’ ’Nothing more probable,’ said Candide; ‘but for the love of God a little oil and wine.’ ’How, probable?’ replied the philosopher. ‘I maintain that the point is capable of being demonstrated.’ Candide fainted away, and Pangloss fetched him some water from a neighbouring fountain.† On the other hand, the speaker in A Modest Proposal has immaculate knowledge of his country’s financial situation, overpopulation, and famine. He demonstrates this knowledge through careful calculations of how to handle the proposal that he is making. However, there is no use of emotion or empathy in making t hese calculations â€Å"computations;† there is no thought of the moral implications of this proposal and the fact that this can be considered mass genocide based on social class. Rather, the speaker uses objectivity and cold calculations to demonstrate his principle. Both texts demonstrate, as well, a misguided philosophy of sorts as seen through the

Know What an Old Pro Thinks About Graduate School Essay Samples for Speech and Language Pathology

Know What an Old Pro Thinks About Graduate School Essay Samples for Speech and Language Pathology Things You Won't Like About Graduate School Essay Samples for Speech and Language Pathology and Things You Will Information regarding the MSLP pre-requisite course sequence are available here. Be sure to turn in an application for graduate admissions and pick the Speech-Language Pathology Master's Preparatory Certificate as the program you would like to apply to. Be sure to submit an application for graduate admissions and choose the Master's in Communication Disorders, Speech-Language Pathology option, since the program you want to apply to. Programs are in touch with one another and may have the ability to place you in touch with one who would be pleased to speak to you. Or, you're considering going back to school to be a speech-language pathologist. There's a whole lot of work which goes into obtaining a speech-language pathology graduate degree, so make certain you're commi tted to it prior to starting. Still, in the event you never get married or if you become divorced, then you'll likely require some kind of career so that you shouldn't major in an entirely useless major. If you're a recent graduate, you may not have a good deal of qualified experience. Hearsay, Deception and Graduate School Essay Samples for Speech and Language Pathology Employers may want to know that you're qualified to serve as an SPL in their region. Students frequently decide to enroll in elective courses in regions of personal interest as a portion of their graduate program. They must go on-campus for two weeks in the summer and complete a 12-week full-time internship during the final summer semester. COMD graduates are leading expert advocacy organizations like the Alexander Graham Bell Association. UVM is situated on Lake Champlain. New Jersey presents undergraduate and graduate level degree programs in the specialty of speech therapy. Programs aim to construct the expertise and expertise to help kids and adults speak and understand more effectively. Courses might concentrate on specific varieties of disorders, or on specific kinds of workplaces or regions of responsibility. Ensure it is clear you have the abilities and experience for the specific job. Your initial clinical experience is vitally important. Supervised clinical experiences have to be distributed throughout the program and supply students with the chance to get a range of clinical education experiences in various work settings, with diverse populations, and with the correct equipment and resources. In the exact same way that you may reference resume samples, the next Speech Language Pathologist cover letter example will allow you to compose a cover letter which best highlights your experience and qualifications. Its curriculum devotes an appreciable part of the necessary coursework to computer tools and statistical methods for data analysis. Once you choose the language, you've got to design your CV and a cover letter in the very same language. If you underst and what you're searching for, you may use the menu to restrict your choices. If you already know what kind of degree you would like to earn, utilize the menu to select that option. In this manner, students from an assortment of educational backgrounds have the opportunity to learn from each other's divergent experiences. As you could consider a broader collection of schools, you might have the ability to find one which focuses on what you have to learn, without having to be concerned about driving there. What's Actually Happening with Graduate School Essay Samples for Speech and Language Pathology Our program's admission is extremely selective, because there are scores and scores of applicants each year but just a few of seats out there. All states need a license to practice. Externships can't be completed in California. Type of Graduate School Essay Samples for Speech and Language Pathology Both a written thesis and detailed exam is imperative to successfully finish the pr ogram. The curriculum includes 60 graduate credits, like a string of clinical practicums. English translations have to be supplied by the issuing institution or a translation services. Otherwise, prerequisite coursework will be deemed necessary. A masters degree is generally a requirement for entry-level employment for a speech language pathologist. In order to discover a great psychology internship you have to use every one of the opportunities open for you. You're able to encounter an ideal option of psychology internship here.

Is Physical Force a Justifiable Method of Punishing Children Sample Essay Example For Students

Is Physical Force a Justifiable Method of Punishing Children? Sample Essay Strictly punish kids for little mistakes — agencies to lose any of their trust and regard. Jean de La Bruyere was a Gallic philosopher and moralist. serious hazard for parents is that alternatively of going for the kid force protecting. assisting it to develop. recognize the intents in this life. parents can go a type of jobs or agonies which the individual in this life faces. Physical subject perpetuates aggressiveness and anger alternatively of learning duty. control and ground. The group besides warns that research has shown that kids who are spanked are more likely as grownups to hit household members or prosecute in condemnable and violent activities. Research workers have found that physical subject can hold negative effects. A recent survey in the scientific diary Headache in 2010 evaluated 4. 000 kids aged 13 to 15 and found that those who experienced physical ill-treatment were significantly more likely to develop concerns and more frequent or intense concerns. They concluded that persons who were disciplined by physical force as kids were more likely to be prone to depression. anxiousness and self-criticism in their grownup old ages. Parents act by the rule â€Å"if you will experience sorry for a stick – you will botch the child† Rigorous instruction consequences in humbleness. Humility is unsafe that the kid in general loses ability to see the intents therefore humbleness leads to that the will of the kid is broken. head and his bosom are closed and as a consequence he has no opportunity to be realized in this life. Hiting your kid will merely take them into turning up an hating you. Besides it can do the kid to non love you and experience the demand to disrespect you every opportunity they get. Abuse is neer the reply there are ever ways to train. Possibly penalty could go to physical force. but non merely with kids. because it severely affects child’s psychic. There are really many instances when parents or defenders punished their kids utilizing physical force. and as a consequence they created morally depraved people. There are plentifulness of methods except physical force which work and learn kids subject. Punishment should normally hold a positive consequence in non making something incorrect once more and this consequence should be reached consciously. Use of physical force is one of the fastest manner to destroy a kid. Physical force merely causes more jobs. and it besides makes kids believe that doing hurting can be justified. Rather than utilizing physical force. it is better to speak with kids and seek to seek for more peaceable solution. Harmonizing to The National Association of Social Workers effectual subject does non affect physical penalty. Each twelvemonth 1000s of kids continue to decease as a consequence of physical maltreatment. Many kids in places where physical force occurs have troubles in school. including jobs with concentration. hapless academic public presentation. trouble with societal interactions. and more absences from school. In 29 states around the universe it is illegal for a parent. instructor. or anyone else to paddle a kid. The other 113 states prohibit bodily penalty in schools. Therefore. our kids habit grow up to be maltreaters themselves and will besides work like this in society. It is found in one research that kids suffer more terrible bodily penalties in places instead than in schools. When parents raise their custodies on kids. they forget the fact that kids are non like us grownups. They have sensitive nervous systems andare besides really soft. physically every bit good as emotionally. .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1 , .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1 .postImageUrl , .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1 , .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1:hover , .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1:visited , .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1:active { border:0!important; } .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1:active , .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1 .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u862c6fa4c95f5cc5e92fa9cc98c63ff1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Julius Caesae EssayVirtually all of the most unsafe felons were on a regular basis threatened and punished in childhood by parents. It is nature’s program that kids learn attitudes and behaviours through observation and imitation of their parents’ actions. for good or sick. Thus it is the duty of the parents and the instructors to put an illustration of empathy and wisdom.

Epic Heroes Essays - Ancient Greek Religion, Epic Cycle,

Epic Heroes Furthermore, we have not even to risk the adventure alone, for the heroes of all time have gone before us. The labyrinth is thoroughly known. We have only to follow the thread of the hero path, and where we had thought to find an abomination, we shall find a god. And where we had thought to slay another, we shall slay ourselves. Where we had thought to travel outward we will come to the center of our own existence. And where we had thought to be alone, we will be with all the world. Joseph Campbell, The Power of Myth Heroes have been popular throughout the existence of human beings because that's what's worth writing about (Campbell 123). Hero myths help us to evolve into better humans by learning from the trials and triumphs of the hero. In classical Greek literature, the epic hero can be defined in terms of the contrasting characters of Achilles and Odysseus, the two most important figures in Homer's great epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey. The two heroes represent the two different types of heroes that we have, a hero with a spiritual deed and a hero with a physical deed: There are two types of deed. One is the physical deed in which the hero performs a courageous act in battle. The other is a kind of spiritual deed, in which the hero learns to experience the supernormal range of human spiritual life and then comes back with a message. (Campbell 123) Achilles, the greatest warrior of the Greeks in the Trojan War, is actually a demi-god rather than a human hero, having been dipped in charmed waters by his mother and given the gift of invulnerability. He represents the physical deed. Odysseus, on the other hand, is a fully human character, and his heroism consists more in his cleverness, boldness and cunning than his martial ability. He represents the spiritual deed. The contrast between these two models of the epic hero could not be stronger, for although Achilles is godlike and almost immortal in his fighting prowess, he remains childish and petulant in his personality, even in the moment of his greatest triumph he lacks the nobility and generosity expected of a truly great hero. The man of many ways Odysseus, however, rises above his purely human limitations to achieve a much greater destiny, triumphing over the dangers of war and wandering to come home to his wife and family. Achilles, the first tragic hero in literature, depicts both sides of human nature: Achilles personifies what is best and worst in human nature. He is at his best when he?offers compassion and consolation that reveal his profound understanding of the human condition. However at his worst he behaves like a selfish child and acts like a brutal beast. (Rosenberg 121) We observe the more unpleasant aspects of Achilles' character shortly after we first encounter him in The Iliad, during his quarrel with Agamemnon over the possession of a concubine. Before the assembled Greek leaders, Achilles complains that he never gets his fair share of the prizes, that the Achaeans do not give him sufficient honor, and that he has grown weary of fighting the Trojans, since to me they have done nothing (Lattimore, 1967:63). When Agamemnon decides to teach him a lesson and take his concubine Briseis from him, Achilles demonstrates a fit of temper and warns all the Greeks that they will be sorry they refused to cater to his desires: And then you will eat out the heart within you in sorrow, that you did no honour to the best of the Achaeans (Lattimore, 1967:65). Then he leaves to sulk in his tent. Achilles unarguably is indeed the best of the Achaeans in combat, but since he is the son of a goddess and blessed with invulnerability in battle, heroism is not the quali ty that makes him a great warrior. His counterpart among the Trojans, Hector, in truth, is a much nobler character-- loving to his parents, wife and children, fearless in battle, and willing to sacrifice everything for his people. In comparison with Hector, Achilles resembles something of a mama's boy; in fact, we see him crying to his mother Thetis

Free Essays on Panic Attacks

Panic Attacks It rises, seemingly, out of nowhere. It is sudden, yet discrete... an intense feeling of terror. You cannot breathe, and are nearly unable to stand as you tremble with chills. Most frighteningly, your heart races, it seems that it will explode from your chest. Before you know it, though... this attack has vanished... leaving you only with the fear that you will soon be struck with another. This, contrary to what you may believe is not a heart attack, nor are you losing your mind. You have been hit by a panic attack. Frightening as this is, it is not uncommon. Ten percent of the American population will, at one time in their lives, experience a panic attack. (1). One in every 75 Americans will be afflicted with Panic Disorder in their lifetimes. (3). When you are faced with more stress than you know how to deal with, your body becomes aroused because it is being bombarded with anxiety producing stimuli. Your body is, in essence, preparing to protect itself against sudden danger, making you physically ready to react by either fighting the stressor, or fleeing from it. The brain releases powerful hormones that constrict the blood vessels in the peripheral parts of the body in order to force blood into the brain and deeper into the large muscles for added strength. In turn, your heart pounds, digestive system shuts down, breathing increases, and muscles tighten. (5). This rush of changes in your body is the cause of the intense physical discomfort experienced during a panic attack. The criteria for a panic attack is specific, to discern an attack from general affects of fear or stress. When under attack, you experience some of the following symptoms all within a very short period of time, and without warning or apparent reason. Generally, the level of fear is drastically out of proportion to the situation, or even unrelated. Panic attacks can even occur in your sleep. (3). You may experience heart palpitations, sweatin... Free Essays on Panic Attacks Free Essays on Panic Attacks Panic Attacks There are many opinions and theries concerning anxiety and panic attacks. Some believe panic attacks are caused by a person's inability to live the life they dream of, while others believe they are caused by deep rooted fear based memories that we don't want to deal with. There are as many opinions as there are "experts". I believe the true experts are the people who experience this dread called panic attacks. Everyone experiences some form of anxiety in their life, however, not everyone experiences this intense feeling of a life threating anxiety called panic attacks. In the Oxford Dictionary of Psychology, panic attacks are described as a period during which there is a sudden onset of intense terror, fear, or apprehension, accompanied by signs and symptoms such as a feeling of impending doom, a fear of going insane, shortness of breath, a choking sensation, increased heart rate and palpitations, chest pain or discomfort, dizziness, trembling, sweating, and nauseas. This description is right on target because it includes most if not all the symptoms that people have described to their doctors over the years. I chose this topic because I have first hand experience of panic attacks which are for the most part under control. I have also had family and friends that have suffered with them for years, so I can vouch for the Oxford definition. Robert Gerzon, author of " Finding Serenity in the age of anxiety". claims that we all should be anxious because it is a good thing. Gerzon feels that the problem is not anxiety, but that we're just not anxious about the right things. For example, we are anxious about finding a parking space but not that anxious about finding solutions for social injustice. This is among the more radical viewpoints. A more mainstream viewpoint is that of Joseph LeDoux. In hi... Free Essays on Panic Attacks Panic Attacks It rises, seemingly, out of nowhere. It is sudden, yet discrete... an intense feeling of terror. You cannot breathe, and are nearly unable to stand as you tremble with chills. Most frighteningly, your heart races, it seems that it will explode from your chest. Before you know it, though... this attack has vanished... leaving you only with the fear that you will soon be struck with another. This, contrary to what you may believe is not a heart attack, nor are you losing your mind. You have been hit by a panic attack. Frightening as this is, it is not uncommon. Ten percent of the American population will, at one time in their lives, experience a panic attack. (1). One in every 75 Americans will be afflicted with Panic Disorder in their lifetimes. (3). When you are faced with more stress than you know how to deal with, your body becomes aroused because it is being bombarded with anxiety producing stimuli. Your body is, in essence, preparing to protect itself against sudden danger, making you physically ready to react by either fighting the stressor, or fleeing from it. The brain releases powerful hormones that constrict the blood vessels in the peripheral parts of the body in order to force blood into the brain and deeper into the large muscles for added strength. In turn, your heart pounds, digestive system shuts down, breathing increases, and muscles tighten. (5). This rush of changes in your body is the cause of the intense physical discomfort experienced during a panic attack. The criteria for a panic attack is specific, to discern an attack from general affects of fear or stress. When under attack, you experience some of the following symptoms all within a very short period of time, and without warning or apparent reason. Generally, the level of fear is drastically out of proportion to the situation, or even unrelated. Panic attacks can even occur in your sleep. (3). You may experience heart palpitations, sweatin...

Ethics In The Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics In The Media - Essay Example In order to establish this concept of ethics in media, the method of self-regulation is used. Self-regulation in essence, aims to set minimum standards on ethics to guarantee that journalists pertain to rules of conduct while representing information through the media. Ethics become necessary in this regard because any source of media would be regarded as untrustworthy by the people if it presents distorted information. In the current generation the high levels of competition in the media industry could result in severe losses. Many problems could arise due to not respecting the ethics in a particular situation. Ethics ensure a reliance on a culture that understands personal boundaries of people, refrains from lies and deceitful dealings and does not use unfair means to achieve personal gains (Chiyamaka 4). Applying ethics to media would obviously mean by extension that no social, moral or professional harm should be caused to those involved. When these ethics are applied in the form of rules, it would guarantee the general public that their private lives are respected and no personal harm is caused to any of them. The spirit of democracy is hampered if a code of ethics is not followed by the media because no freedom is present since, people are controlled through the watchful eyes of the media lurking to catch up on their every move. Therefore, the judgements should always be rational on the part of media, keeping in mind the fact that there are lives and sensitive matters such as the relationships between different countries involved (Chiyamwaka 3). A prominent book basically covered the idea of social and religious factors when it comes to ethics in the research media. A case was the recent publication of the cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad in a Danish Newspaper, which was an offence intended towards all Muslim readership (Ward & Wasserman 142-143).The whole idea that a religion is being disrespected is horrendous and does not respect any of the rules of et hics. This caused a tremendous outcry in the media and people carried out mass protests against this act because it went out rightly against a particular system of belief. This also occurred upon the planning of the international Burn the Quran Day (Ward & Wasserman 143-145). This was shown on different news channels without having a hint of hatred or realization that this act was wrong. The reason why this might be so popular in the United States is because of the reason that media has been given the same freedom as human beings. This is one of the articles in the constitution, which says: â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦ abridging the freedom of speech or of the press† (Johnson et al 1). This was passed in 1971 as the 1st Amendment, in the Bill of Rights in the U. S. Constitution. According to this concept, the U. S. claims that every system has a presence of checks and balances. This means that the media will try to establish the fact that internal checks and balanc es will control and mishaps in the media (Johnson et al 4). Ethics are synonymous with fairness, justice, impartiality and their presentation of truth just as it is. These ethics play a significant role in shaping a society, especially for its reformation. The media plays a major role in the lives of people today all

Capstone Final Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Capstone Final Project - Research Paper Example Foreign students do not have sufficient exposure to a variety of vocabularies that might assist them in developing a considerable appreciation of the significance and utilization of the vocabularies. It is vital that teachers are aware and that their classroom approaches are granting English language learners the vital skills they require to attain their academic objectives. Research Question With the above information, it can be noted that ELLs have a very tough time in class when compared to their native language (English) counterparts. According to past research, the harder education is, the more prone a student is likely to drop out of school (Kauchak & Eggen, 2011). This means that ELLs are extremely vulnerable. The questions is how can teachers be aware of the classroom approaches and ensure that these are approaches are granting ELLs with the vital skills and knowledge needed to achieve their academic goals? This article finds that a well-planned classroom is the answer to mak ing sure that ELLs are taught successfully so as to succeed in education. A big opportunity exists for making the best use of learning opportunities and creating significant experiences through rethinking the classroom experience (Kauchak & Eggen, 2011). ... aceted, critical thinking, analytical, as well as effective world, in order to meet demanding economic, technological and societal challenges (Abedi, 2008). Learning was long considered to be a gathering of small bits of knowledge, which are hierarchical, sequenced and need to be openly taught and emphasized. Keeping ELLs in mind, this was not a very effective way of educating any kind of student. Learning is now perceived as the procedure of constructing understanding whereby people try to connect new-fangled information to what they previously comprehended. This is with the aim that ideas of thought have some personal coherence and understanding. People construct this understanding in numerous different ways relying on their experience, interests and learning styles. However, it is as if ELLs have been left out of this endeavor. Educators have attempted to come up with techniques that are meant to enhance the education of the normal student (Pine, 2008). They fail to consider that there are other classes of students, such as the ones being considered in this paper (English Language Learners), who also need stern attention so as to prosper in academics just like their native English speaking counterparts. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 dictates disadvantaged students, no matter their challenge, should be catered for effectively just as other normal students are catered for (Pine, 2008). Present Situation in Schools Research that has been carried out recently has proven that the classroom design dictates levels of interactions, as well as engagement of ELLs. Thus, the amount of instructions acquired also hinges on the classroom design. A study performed by the National Training Laboratory (NTL) disclosed that just 5% of what is instructed by an educator is

Tourism Theories And Practices Tourism Essay

Tourism Theories And Practices Tourism Essay Tourism Theories and Practices What do tourists do and why? Critically discuss Tourism industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing industry and largest employers in the modern world. This sheer vastness of the industry is understood from the fact that the numbers of tourists worldwide are anticipated to be doubled to one billion plus by the end of 2010.(Kamra, p 184) This essay will discuss in brief the different theories of tourism which define tourist behavior, their roles, activities and motivations which in turn influence the industry. Thesis statement: Tourists and their thought process, their behavior and motivations are centrifugal to the concept of tourism. Many scholars have tried to define the typology of the tourists, their classifications in order to understand the concept of tourism. The essay will outline some of the old theories and the modern day approach and why there is a need for more research based studies to exploit the potential of this industry. Meaning of tourism-What is tourism Michel Eyquem De Montaigne said, A man should ever be ready booted to take his journey. Man because of his gregarious nature is bound to travel from one place to another to fulfill his various needs be it social, emotional or physical. Traveling is thus characteristic to human society on the whole. Travel and tourism was traditionally considered as a luxury item. But with the turn of the century, definition of travel and tourism has evolved. Tourism no longer stands for simple traveling or temporary journeys and stays mainly for pleasure, leisure and or recreational purposes or a luxury element. Twentieth century ushered in the paradigm shift in the concept of tourism. In fact it will not be unjustified to say that there has been transition from the 19th and early 20th century concept of tourism as an exercise in leisure and pleasure domain to the concept of tourism as an exercise in business, economics. It is more of a consumer product; tourism industry is a vibrant market where tourism products can be sold now as any other consumer product, consumer here is the tourist. (Kamra, p 157) According to statistics brought out by the statistics of the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) in 1994, tourism contributed 12 per cent of the worlds Gross National Product. (Kamra, 12) Tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industry employing hundreds of millions of people worldwide, which explains the reason why the study of the tourism and tourism research has become so important in not only the academic field but also for the economy on the whole. Modern day tourism is much more than simple traveling; it is pure economics, which is determined by theories of demand, and supply, which brings in the question of sustainability. Tourism is no more synonymous to traveling. Today tourism is just like a normal consumer product, which is driven by market dynamics, demand supply, sold through retail outlets. It no longer remains a luxury of the upper class but has become a mass product for the growing consumer market, in this case the growing tourist community. (Swarbrooke and Horner p 4) In fact there has been a combination of factors which have resulted in the proliferation of tourism industry. The prime being increased leisure, higher incomes of burgeoning middle class. One of the main drivers to growth in the coming era would be the growing middle class. The study of tourism theories and practices therefore would mainly revolve around the needs, motivations, role, experiences of the the tourists. What do tourists do and why? The most general classification of tourists is on the basis of the needs of the tourist. This would mainly classify the entire tourist community into two groups-the traveler and the tourist. While the former is mainly conceived as one who would basically travel to understand the place and thus would rather prefer longer trips and would plan it individually. The latter classified, as a tourist in laymans version would be characterized as one with superficial interest. One who would indulge in shorter trips and group tours or charters and would mainly depend on tour agents. But this classification is very vague. Motivations Most of the tourists travel for change of environment because of which new concepts of tourism like eco-tourism, rural tourism have come into existence. Cultural attractions, education, gaining knowledge about new cultures might be other important motivations. For example attraction towards Buddhist culture has made Myanmar and some parts of North East India a major hub for Buddhist tourists from all around the world. People from all around the world travel to these places to get experience the Buddhist spirit. There can be other motivations also like quest for new experience, personal visits etc. Some of the most prevalent theories of destination development and classification of tourists Some scholars have tried to classify the tourist on the basis of their needs, which explains the reason for their travel. For example a tourist can be classified as explorer, elite, offbeat, unusual, mass or charter on the basis of his/her demand. While an explorer tourist group will want discovery, adventure, exploration, a elite tourist might have a special personally customized tailored trip to any exotic places. Or for example an offbeat tourist might travel to get away from the crowds. The classification according to demand describes the main purpose of travel. There can be a pure mass group also under the demand-based classification where the tourist might prefer normal tour packages and holiday trips to conventional places. Thus classification on the basis of demand to a large extent determines the needs and the activities of the tourists. There can also be classification on the basis of the meaning and requirement, where tourists might travel for the sake of simple recreation, diversion, experiential, experimental reasons. There can be also motivational based classification. Understanding the motive behind traveling might help to predict consumer psyche. An American researcher named Plog (Mason 26) put forth his theory based on the psychology of tourists and these were published in 1973. Plogs theory was based on a case study conducted on New York residents and their attitudes to travel. Plogs discussed the tourist behavior and motivations based on the psychology of the tourists. Thus there are two types of tourists, the allo-centric and psycho-centric types of tourist. He argued that there are particular psychological types who do not like unfamiliar environments or cultures, so when they select a holiday they will seek the familiar regions than unfamiliar remote regions (these he termed psycho-centric). Plog further added that there are still some groups in society who will be prepared to risk a far more uncertain holiday destination. These tourists will search for strange or unfamiliar and these he termed allo-centric. While the psycho-centric would not travel far from the local environment the allo-centric would travel long distances to unfamiliar locations. He concluded that the majority of the tourists were neither fully psycho- centric nor fully allo-centric. Rather most of the tourists were located in the center point between the two extremes of psycho-centric and allo-centric.And that majority of the tourists would seek the familiar and prefer not to travel great distances to get there. An important point that emerged from the destination development of Plogs theory is that different tourists destinations are attractive to different types of tourists based on the kind of traveler they are, psycho or allo-centric and that majority of the tourists will prefer to travel for short distances than longer ones to go for holidays. Thus it suggests that the tourist destinations in most of the developed countries which are in close proximity to major population areas, busy areas, markets, residential areas are likely to be developed and grow more quickly than those in the distant remote areas. However, in actual practice, sometimes this theory may also prove wrong. On the contrary many of the remote areas are now getting faster developed than those near the major population areas. While Plogs theory was based more on the psychological part of tourists, Erik Cohens theory relate to the behavior of the tourists. Erik Cohen who developed a classification of tourists where there was a four chief classification. First was the organized mass tourists who travel in groups, who prefer packaged holiday (travel, accommodation, food etc.) usually arranged by a travel agent. The second type was the individual mass tourists who use the same facilities as the organized mass tourists, but the difference lies only in decision making. This group makes more individual based decisions about their activity and trip. There are also the explorers and the drifters. While explorers would most often arrange their own trips, meet and interact with the locals drifters avoid all contact with other tourists and leave with the locals. This classification of tourists lives longer than the other groups. If both the above mentioned tourist theories which basically delve into the characteristics of human behavioral aspects are combined then we would see that majority of Cohens mass tourist and independent mass tourists would converge with Plogs psycho-centric tourists. Later in the mid 1970s, Doxey proposed the Irritation Index or the Irridex. The Irridex was based on the relationship between the tourists and the locals. The fundamental idea as it is evident from the name of the index itself is that over a time period as the number of tourist increase in a particular area, a greater irritation and hatred would build up amongst the locals towards the tourists. So, over the time as the locals gets more irritant with the visitors and become hostile, the number of visitors might actually decline or might not continue to grow at the same rate as previously. But the problem with most of these theories was that most of them were not based on proper field research but on discussions. Butlers Tourist Area Life Cycle (TALC) (Mason, 33) model on tourism which is still the most widely accepted and important theory deals with a particular destination, his theory explains how a destination emerge as a tourist destination after several stages. Butler suggested a model where a tourism destination develops over time as a result of several factors. Destination is a very important element in tourism. A destination is defined most widely as a product is marketed to its consumers. And like all other products, tourist destinations also have a life cycle. Butler proposed a model for tourism area life cycle in which he showed how a destination begins as a relatively unknown place and visitors first come in small fractions because of lack of access, facilities and local knowledge (Miller and Galluci, 2004) The key point in Butlers model was that planning and proper remedial action by the tourists can help arrest the decline in resorts and tourism infrastructure. One of the major challenges that the World Tourism Organization made in its Global Forecasts for the year 2000 and beyond is the issue of sustainability, which relates to the absorptive capacity of an economy with respect to tourism. This does not refer to the physical capacity alone but also to the capacity of a particular area to provide tourism infrastructure, pool in investments, manpower, and natural resources. While manpower would not be a constraint, other natural resources might be. The theory of sustainable tourism thus off late has emerged of greater relevance, which is necessary to promote environmental awareness and boost tourism industry on the whole. Sustainable tourism in a nutshell can be explained as a means by which tourist growth is achieved as well as environment and earths scarce resources are preserved. Apart from the environment issue another burning issue, which might emerge as an impediment is lack of trained skilled workforce to deliver value additions. In conclusion it can be said that although several tourism theories have been put forth by several scholars to determine the roles and activities, the characteristics of tourists to boost the industry. There is a general lack of awareness about these theories amidst the policy makers. Tourism industry is still one of those industries, which is regulated by government administration. There are wide varieties of conceptual and theoretical approaches to tourism, which have to be tested in reality. This apart there is a further need for more field studies and employment of professionals in conducting the research, which will help achieve greater theoretical orientation and practical application. The tourism industry has been growing at a phenomenal rate for the last fifty year especially, after the Second World War. The recession has had an effect on the industry, but the numbers of tourists worldwide are anticipated to be doubled to one billion plus by the end of 2010. Keeping in tune with the changing times consumer demands will also change, more classifications based on growing needs of tourists might emerge. What can be the cultural and social impact of tourism development Researchers have identified a whole gamut of positive impacts of tourism development on societies. For example the direct outcomes of tourism development would be the modification of the internal structure of the community, increasing employment opportunities of the local residents, social change, economic affluence, improvement of the quality of life through infrastructure development. Similarly the interaction between the host and tourist increases tolerance and communication skills etc. On the cultural side the arts, crafts and culture of the local area might be revived. Researchers have also identified several cons like deployment of natural resources, increased pressure on existing infrastructure, commodification of culture and its negative effects etc (Beeton 18) Thus it can be seen in the essay how tourist behavioral needs, motivations, actions directly and indirectly affect tourism development in a place. Only right kind of practices would be able to give the necessary boost to this industry, which alone will contribute the largest chunk in global trade. Understanding the needs and motivations of the tourists will help boost tourism industry manifolds. What is required is the right approach. Tourists behavior research in tourism has to be based on motivations, typologies, destination choices and the decision process. While this is good some scholars criticize it as stereotypical and generalized which might not be the same in reality. The gap between the theories and the reality can be bridged through research and constant study of tourist behavior. References K Kamra 1997, Tourism: Theory, Planning and Practice, Second Edition-2008 Peter Mason, Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management Online book version), Second edition- 2008,   Mason, P. Cheyne, J. (2000). Residents Attitudes to Proposed Tourism Development, Annals of Tourism Research. Peter Mason, Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management Second Edition Abraham Pizam, Yoel Mansfeld, Consumer behaviour in travel and tourism Softcover edition published 2000 John Swarbrooke, Susan Horner, 2007, Consumer behaviour in tourism, Edition: 2, p 4, 428 pages Sue Beeton 2006,   Community Development through Tourism., p 18.  

Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay -- Examining Pr

Prejudices are most difficult to eradicate from the heart whose soil has never been loosened or fertilized by education: they grow there, firm as weeds among stones. CHARLOTTE BRONTE, Jane Eyre Prejudice is something which has affected everyone at one time or another. It is like looking out a frosted window and not seeing a clear picture. When people look through a frosted window they sometimes see a blurred vision of the world outside. Sometimes we see people as very different from ourselves when really they are just a very little bit different from us. We can even see someone as an enemy instead of for who they really are. These narrow minded views in our society are prevalent, even though most of the time they are incorrect. To Kill a Mockingbird expresses many diverse pictures of prejudice; the situations also show that prejudice can be conquered. Aunt Alexandra will not allow Scout to play with Walter Cunningham because he is a poor boy. Aunt Alexandra shows her prejudice by not letting Scout play with someone of a lower social status "they're good folk...

Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity Essay

The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases (KMT) is an explanation and description of the motion and behavior of molecules. It looks into the kinematics of molecules, wherein focus on the forces exists between molecules and the energy generated by the motion of these molecules (Poseidon Software and Invention, 1997). Etymologically, the KMT comes from â€Å"kinetic† which means moving, and â€Å"molecular† which comes from the root word molecule, classically the smallest unit of particle. The KMT includes several postulates which describe how the molecules of gases behave. The following are characteristics of how gas molecules behave: (1) Gases are composed of very small particles called molecules; (2) the molecules are very large in number; (3) they are perfectly spherical in shape and elastic in nature; (4) their volume is negligible which implies that they can move freely (Dogra, 1984); (4) the average distance between molecules is relatively large as compared to their size (Kotz, et al. , 2008); (5) they behave in a state of constant, random motion following Newton’s Laws (Selvaratnam, 1998); (6) they move in a straight line until they â€Å"collide with another [particle or with] the walls of the container† (Whitley, 2005, n. p. ). (7) the collisions of the gas molecules with other particles or with the walls of the container are perfectly elastic such that the total kinetic energy after the collision is equal to the total kinetic energy before the collision; (8) there are no attractive or repulsive forces between the molecules, and only during collisions do the particles exert forces on each other (Wulfsberg, 2000); (9) there is no energy lost during the collisions; energy is conserved; and (10) the average kinetic energy of the particles depends on the temperature of the system. These postulates can be further illustrated in terms of the interpretation of the temperature and pressure of a gas. Temperature, being a macroscopic characteristic of matter, is â€Å"interpreted in terms of the kinetic energy of the molecules† (Selvaratnam, 1998, p. 183). There is a directly proportional relationship between the temperature and the kinetic energy of the molecules of a gas. This means that an increase in temperature causes a similar increase in the kinetic energy or rapid movement of the molecules. â€Å"The hotter the gas is, the faster its particles move† (Whitley, 2005, n. p. ). Pressure, on the other hand, is â€Å"due to the incessant bombardment of the walls of the container vessel by the billions and billions of molecules present† (Selvaratnam, 1998, p. 183). This only means that if more collisions occur, the pressure is higher. The individual gas laws could be put into perspective in relation to the KMT. According to Boyle’s Law, â€Å"at constant number of moles and temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional† (Whitley, 2005, n. p. ). Charle’s Law, on the other hand, states that â€Å"at constant number of moles and pressure, the volume and the temperature are directly proportional† (Whitley, 2005, n. p. ). A third Gas Law consists of the theory that â€Å"at constant number of moles and pressure, the volume and the temperature are directly proportional† (Whitley, 2005, n. p. ). These individual gas laws, if combined, would produce an â€Å"ideal† gas. In relation to the motion of the molecules, the molecular activities in the three states of matter differ in several aspects. In the solid state, the particles are packed in a more closely manner. They are held closely to one another by their attractive forces (Poseidon Software and Invention, 1997). These strong, attractive forces between the particles cause them not to move freely and instead, vibrate. This feature results in a definite shape and volume of solids. In the liquid state, the intermolecular forces only permit the particles to flow or glide over one another. As compared to solid, the motion of the molecules is more random. The shape and volume of a liquid is dependent on its container. The intermolecular forces are also essential in understanding the dissolution of things. In the dissolving process, the molecules of the solute are surrounded by the molecules of the solvent. Here, â€Å"molecular bonds between molecules of solute have to be broken and molecular bonds of the solvent also have to be disrupted† (Educating Online, 2007, n. p. ). References Blauch, D. N. (2001). Kinetic Molecular Theory. Retrieved March 6, 2009 from http://www. chm. davidson. edu/chemistryapplets/kineticmoleculartheory/BasicConcepts. html. Dogra, S. (1984). Physical Chemistry through Problems. India: New Age International. Educating Online. (2007). Solubility of things. Retrieved March 6, 2009 fromhttp://www. solubilityofthings. com/basics/why_things_dissolve. php Kotz, J. C. , Treichel, P. & Weaver. (2008). Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity. U. S. : Cengage Learning EMEA Poseidon Software and Invention. (1997, November 16). Kinetic Molecular Theory. Retrieved March 6, 2009 from http://www.psinvention. com/kinetic. htm. Selvaratnam, M. (1998). A Guided Approach to Learning Chemistry. South Africa: Juta and Company Limited. The Kinetic Molecular Theory. (2009). Bodner Research Web. Retrieved March 6, 2009 from http://chemed. chem. purdue. edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/kinetic4. html. Whitley, K. (2005, May 13). Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases. Retrieved March 6, 2009 from http://www. chemprofessor. com/kmt. htm. Wulfsberg, G. (2000). Inorganic Chemistry. U. S. :University Science Books.

Natural Signs That May Predict Winter Weather

Early Years Fundation Stage Degree Free Essay Example, 2250 words

For example, T. A.: †¦? What are we looking in the blood? Child: Blood test. T.A. : What are we looking in the blood test? The example clearly reflects difficulty for the child to understand what is asked as he was not able to understand the question. The children generally repeat new words they hear from adult. Repetition helps the to get the meaning. For example, T. A.: Are you going to put the baby in the bed now? Child: Yeah. T.A. : All right. Child: †¦ I’ll put you in the bed now. These examples reveal that social interaction and play assist children to learn and acquire language skills during play. According to Whitehead (2007) in( Block 5 chapter 12) many children develop effective learning skills at the age of 4 and they communicate effectively in the manner of an adult. For example, in the DVD, it is observed that the child use the style and tone of language that is characteristic of adults. Child: I need an injection in a minute. In this sentence, the professional and authoritative style of a child is also clear. This clearly reveals that the children develop language and communication skills from observations and interactions social environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Early Years Fundation Stage Degree or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In Block 5 chapter 12, Whitehead (2007) argued that listening, observing and experimenting with language and interacting with and imitating others helps in developing language and communication skills of children. Selected DVD of the play "Hospital play" also reveals that play, especially role play have a major contribution in developing understanding about the real world. During the play, children developed better understanding of the hospital environment, the process, and functions at the hospital as well as information about many equipments, tools, and items use in the real hospital setting. Children developed understanding about the procedure of blood test, collecting blood samples, labeling of bottles, the need and importance of names in order to label the blood samples and to recognise the samples of blood. Children learn that they need to provide care to the patients. During play, children gain technical terms such as a microscope to test the blood sample. Children also learn that they use calamine lotion, and they also explain that they keep blood samples and lotions in bottle with proper labels on bottles. Therefore, DVD clearly reveals that children develop knowledge about the world. As discussed and explained in book 3, study 1, Gaining knowledge and understanding the world depends on interpreting acquired observations, ideas and experiences.

The Humiliating Nature of Enslavement, Sexual Savage...

The humiliating nature of enslavement, sexual savage exploitation, and degradation in autobiographical narratives of Frederick Douglass and Harriet Ann Jacobs In the age of Romanticism, slavery and the slave trade provoked sharp criticism and controversy and played a very significant role in shaping public opinion and causing moral opposition to injustice and tyranny. Since Columbus’s journey opened the doors of the Atlantic passage to African Slave Trade, slavery became man’s greatest inhumanity to man â€Å"converting† the victims into labor and economic units of production. The foundation of African culture and civilization stagnated, decayed and almost disappeared within the over three hundred years of the Christian motivated evil of†¦show more content†¦That is why throughout his life, he worked very hard to read and write, attain more knowledge, and share this knowledge with others suffering alongside him as slaves. â€Å"The work of instructing my dear fellow-slaves was the sweetest engagement with which I was ever blessed†¦I succeeded in creating in them a strong desire to learn how to readâ₠¬  (Douglass). However, while Douglass mostly spoke about his black brothers and sisters as one whole – the brotherhood, Jacobs in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself portrayed the wrongs inflicted by slavery in the eyes of women slaves and the sexual tyranny exerted by white slave masters over black women† (Jacobs). Reader, be assured this narrative is no fiction†¦I was born and reared in Slavery†¦I do earnestly desire to arouse the women of the North to realizing sense of the condition of two millions of women at the South, still in bondage, suffering what I suffered, and most of them far worse. (Jacobs) With these words, Harriet Ann Jacobs revealed her personal story of enslavement, sexual savage exploitation, and degradation. In appealing to white women to look at life from her perspective, Jacobs was hoping to portray the cruelty of slavery in the eyes of a woman. She did not talk about severe whipping or punishments like Douglass but rather Christmas which she could not spend with

Security Issues in E Commerce and Marketing

Question: Discuss the privacy and security issues in e-commerce and possible solutions? Answer: 1. Introduction A Business Week Study found that over considerable of web clients were exceptionally connected with over the utilization of private points of interest, and 57% coveted a tenet is controlling how private subtle elements are accumulated and utilized (Poll, 2000). In the same way, (Culnan, 2000) proposed that protection issues were a pivotal motivation behind why individuals don't go on the web and give deceptions on the web. On the other hand, in light of space confinements we can't yearning to appropriately to focus each. Watch, nonetheless, that there is a strenuous exploration, examination around a significant number of these thoughts (Clarke, 1999) 2. Literature Review We accept this issue emerges from another mechanical air for customers and organizations, the bringing about data dissemination with critical profits to organizations and customers, client issues in the new atmosphere, and directing endeavours to control this climate. It is vital to fathom every one of those, and to appreciate the exchange offs. Privacy as an organization issue is amazingly sensitive to changes in the close-by viewpoint. Modifications in individuals' targets, or in controlling government, can significantly alter organization issues and opportunities. 2.1. Background Obviously, there are numerous work at home open doors in the altering innovative environment (Dhillon, 2001). The utilization of computerized frameworks permits data get at a much bigger rate and opportunity than beforehand; e-business websites could perhaps accumulate a huge measure of data about choices, shopping styles, styles of data search for and utilization, and so forth about customers, particularly if collected crosswise over sites. Not just is it more straightforward than any time in recent memory to accumulate the data, it is additionally much less complex to search for these data. The data are valuable for reusing, for instance, in discovering planned deals to current customers. Too, the data are additionally valuable to aggregators or four different sorts of exchange. Undoubtedly, reusing and exchange are in the meantime, both imminent open doors and issues. Incidentally, the same strategies that give quality to organizations and their customers additionally build securi ty issues (Culnan, 1999). Customers point of view is, numerous e-business sites are doing very bad with the data of their clients. Buyers' perspectives in this have been checked by press encounters of especially deplorable protection issues and promoting issues. For the most part examining, customers are just checking in their perspectives by the press. As depicted, only a few customers believe in organizations to keep their data individual. In one study, ninety two percent of members showed that actually when organizations ensured to store individual data, they are not really doing as such (Light, 2001). 3. Security Issues A client must utilize a site and sooner or later perceive, or confirm, himself to the site. For the most part, confirmation begins on the client's desktop PC and its web program. Lamentably, security issues in house PC frameworks offer online programmers different approaches to get e-commerce data and recognition data from clients(Curtin, 2000). While these particular security issues will be set by some product planners and site executives, comparable issues will keep on happening. Answers for the desktop PC comprise of POS devices in black and-mortar shops, and an assortment of versatile and compact contraptions (Roberts, 2002). 3.1. Analysis The client's web program joins to the seller front-end. At the point when a client does an e-shopping, the item holder's server typically stores the request's private data in a rundown of more recent buys. This database contains all things required for charge card tricks. Further, such records frequently hold 90 days of clients' buys (Borisov, 2001). Typically, online programmers break into powering web servers to gather these records of bank cards figures. Moreover, fragile web servers ought to be kept exceedingly particular, by exchanging off and dispensing with all inessential administrations and projects. Other sensible suggestions found for ensured servers (Simson Garfinkel, 2003) (Krause, 2002), and among numerous others. 4. Solutions 4.1. Public Key Concept There are one such insurance mechanical development, known as "PKI (Public key infrastructure)" procedures (Adams, 2001). Vital PKI-based, ensured techniques comprise of the retail location technique SSL (Dierks, 1999) (Rescorla, 1995) and the interbank routine bundle. PKI is a key-dissemination program in which individual gives two encrypted key components, one is for encryption and another is for decryption; these two key components together are known as a key couple (Diffie, 1976), (Rivest, 1978). The encoding key is discharged to the globe and is known as the member's group key. The decryption key-component is known as the individual key (Housley, 2002). An effectiveness advantages of PKI are that it needn't bother with a focal, amazingly accessible intermediary for each appropriately secured exchange; then again, this likewise makes it testing to know when someone else's key has been stolen or overall influenced. All things considered, PKI regularly needs a focal, amazingly acce ssible specialist for key control, and particularly for prompt recognize about suspending key-sets. This issue, the scratch-off issue, is still uncertain (Davies, 1997), notwithstanding the best endeavour up to now(Myers, 1999). 4.2. Digital Signature Concept The "digital signature" (Rabin, 1978) is the critical project of open key cryptography, and is a simple of a transcribed trademark. An advanced trademark is a cryptographic label that one and only essayist can figure; and the label's reliability can be inspected by any individual who can openness the data. This mixture of composing material with the creator's identification gives the same target as executing one's trademark to a report; an advanced trademark can be utilized to evidence assents, to offer reliability of a computerized accommodation, or to affirm distinguishing proof for availability. While e-commerce advanced marks have been quite expected, they have been minimal actualized up to now. There is still noteworthy examination forthcoming in knowing the legitimate and money related issues occupied with the lack of far reaching embracing of advanced mark based computerized business. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, security and privacy are still persistent exploration issues. There have been some energizing and essential results, on the other hand, in the most recent five decades that keep crucial repercussions for e-commerce locales and clients. Security is currently perceived, by numerous, to be a social improvement with destinations the greatest concern. Yet, privacy is additionally respected an open issue by powers, who have, however basically allowed innovative development to open up to now. Security is presently perceived to be generally fractional, the steady feline and-mouse round of assurance expert and cyberpunk. Critical mechanical changes have been executed in the most recent five years; be that as it may, it is passed that business rules may have a key an impact in site assurance. Finally, particular financial aspects and sociologically- based exploration are beginning to discover some way or another into the discharged abstract works, and we foresee that these exami nations will bring more prominent quality and aptitude to obviously filthy spots. 6. Recommendation Execution of e-commerce in Libya will perform colossal personalization through buying procedures that permit customers to settle on a decision and purchase things concerning their individual and select prerequisites. Case in point, an auto generation organization with an e-business method considers online buy of as of late planned vehicles inside few days in view of the client's favoured prerequisites. The power of e-commerce fours into the organization's creation process and obtaining is effective (Smith, 2001). Besides, the consolidation of e-business could result in to a reduction in expenses, perfect centred advertising, and the help of advancing extra things, administrations, and new strategies when needed. References Adams, C. P. S. M. Z. a. R. Z., 2001. Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure data validation and certification server protocols, l.: Internet RFC 3029. Borisov, N. I. G. a. D. W., 2001. Intercepting Mobile Communications: The Insecurity of 802.1.. l., Seventh Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. Clarke, R., 1999. Introduction to Dataveillance and Information Privacy, and Definition of Terms. [Online] Available at: https://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/Intro.html. [Accessed 14 March 2015]. Culnan, M. J., 2000. Protecting Privacy Online: Is Self-Regulation Working?. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 19(1), pp. 20-26. Culnan, M. J. a. P. K. A., 1999. Information Privacy Concerns, Procedural Fairness and Impersonal Trust: An Empirical Investigation. Organization Science, 10(1), pp. 104-115. Curtin, P. G. a. M., 2000. Bank One Online Puts Customer Account Information At Risk. [Online] Available at: https://www.interhack.net/pubs/bankone-online [Accessed 14 March 2015]. Davies, S. G., 1997. In Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape. In: P. A. a. M. Rotenberg, ed. Re-Engineering the Right to Privacy: How Privacy Has Been Transformed from a Right to a Commodity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 143-165. Dhillon, G. S. a. T. T. M., 2001. Internet Privacy: Interpreting Key Issues. Information Resources Management Journal, 14(4), pp. 33-37. Dierks, T. a. C. A., 1999. The Transport Layer Security Protocol, l.: Internet RFC 2246. Diffie, W. a. M. H., 1976. New Directions in Cryptography. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 22(6), pp. 644-654. Fisher, S., 2001. Privacy By Design. InfoWorld, 23(27), pp. 20-22. Housley, R. W. P. W. F. a. D. S., 2002. Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) profile, l.: Internet RFC 3280. Krause, H. T. a. M., 2002. Information Security Management Handbook, New York: CRC Press. Light, D. A., 2001. Sure, You Can Trust Us. MIT Sloan Management Review, 43(1), p. 17. Myers, M. R. A. A. M. S. G. a. C. A., 1999. 509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP, s.l.: Internet RFC 2560. Poll, H., 2000. Online Privacy: A Growing Threat. Business Week, 96. Rabin, M. O., 1978. Digitalized Signatures. In: R. L. a. R. D. Millo., ed. In Foundations of Secure Computation. New York: Academic Press, pp. 155-166.. Rescorla, E. a. A. S., 1995. The Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol, l.: Internet Draft. Rivest, R. A. S. a. L. A., 1978. A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems. Communications of the ACM, 21(2), pp. 120-126. Roberts, P., 2002. Bugbear Virus Spreading Rapidly, l.: PC World Online. Simson Garfinkel, A. S. a. G. S., 2003. Practical Unix Internet Security, Cambridge, MA: O'Reilley. Smith, D. M., 2001. The E-Business Book: A Step-by-Step Guide to E-Commerce and Beyond (Bloomberg). USA: John Wiley Sons.

Research Paper on Ecclesiology Essay Example

Research Paper on Ecclesiology Essay In the Pastoral Epistles, we find considerable attention given to appropriate structures of leadership and to the qualities and behavior required from elders. Here it is clear that the elders of the churches are resident members of the communities, specifically male heads of households. The leaders are referred to as episkopoi, diakonoi, and presbyteroi, although little is said about their roles and responsibilities that would enable any clear distinctions to be drawn between the functions of the different â€Å"offices.† (Holmberg 34) More attention is given to describing the qualities which must characterize such leaders. As has often been pointed out, these are essentially the stock characteristics of decent and respectable well-to-do persons in Greco-Roman society (Knight 77). The bishop or episkopos, among other things, â€Å"must mange his own household well, keeping his children submissive and respectful in every way — for if someone does not know how to manage his own household, how can he take care of God’s church?† ( 1 Tim 3: 4-5). Deacons likewise must â€Å"manage their children and their households well† ( 1 Tim 3: 12); this wording is surely an indication also that such households often included slaves as well as wife and children. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Ecclesiology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Ecclesiology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Ecclesiology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 1 Tim 5: 17 is an important and revealing reference. The elders who rule well (the verb proistemi is used as in Rom 12: 8 and 1 Thess 5: 12), especially those who labor in word and teaching, are to be considered worthy of â€Å"double honor,† which should most probably be taken as a reference to a level of financial support (Knight 82). The legitimation then given in verse 18 for the support of elders — resident leaders in the community — is particularly noteworthy, for it uses two citations, both of which had been used in earlier times to legitimate the material support of itinerant leaders. The citation from Deut 25: 4,  «you shall not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain, » is used by Paul in 1 Cor 9: 9 to underscore the right of the traveling apostles to support. (Campbell 62) The second citation, apparently referred to by the author of 1 Timothy as â€Å"Scripture† (graphe), along with Deut 25: 4, is the proverb of Jesus from the synoptic mission discourse which explains why the itinerant apostles can expect their support from others: â€Å"the worker is worthy of his wage† (Lk 10: 7; cf., Mt 10: 20). These scriptural and dominical legitimations for the material support of itinerant missionaries have here become legitimations for the support of resident elders. (Holmberg 101) Assuming that the Pastoral Epistles are pseudonymous, it is most likely that their implied recipients, Timothy and Titus, are indeed implied, fictional, rather than real. The entire literary framework is a pseudonymous device to convey a sense of authenticity and apostolic authority. The letters present themselves as the instruction of Paul to two of his trusted and prominent co-workers. (Wedderburn 153) This adds a further kind of legitimation to the appointment and position of the resident elders. The whole literary context of 1 Timothy, for example, is one in which Paul urges Timothy to remain in Ephesus ( 1 Tim 1: 3) so that he can ensure that sound teaching is followed, so that he can â€Å"teach and urge the duties† which the letter details (6:2b), faithfully guarding what has been entrusted to him (6: 20). If the reference to â€Å"laying on of hands† in 5:22 is to a form of  «ordination » -designating certain people as those in a position of leadership — as many commentators think (Campbell 80), then Timothy has a special charge to appoint leaders carefully. This responsibility is clearer still in the letter formally addressed to Titus, who, according to the letter, has been left in Crete in order to â€Å"appoint elders in every town† ( Titus 1:5). This appointment of leaders is presented as Paul’s explicit instruction – â€Å"as I directed you.† (Towner 118) There follows a list of the qualities required of elders and of the bishop (Titus 1: 5-9). Thus the appointment and authority of resident leaders is legitimated as something commanded by Paul and enacted through his most prominent delegates. Thus the author of the Pastoral Epistles supports and strengthens the position of the elders in the churches of his time; he seeks to ensure that positions of leadership are filled by those of an appropriate social standing -male heads of households. The Pastoral Epistles are also fiercely polemical letters that expend considerable energy in labeling the opponents as â€Å"despicable deviants† 13 (e.g., 1 Tim 1: 4-7, 4: 1-3, 6: 3-10; 2 Tim 2: 14-26, 3: 1-9; Titus 1: 10-14.). The conventional nature of the polemic means that it is hard to  «mirror read » from the Pastorals much reliable information concerning the beliefs, ethos, and practices of the opponents. (Towner 121) On the specific subject of leadership among the so-called false teachers, little is revealed. However, it seems clear that the â€Å"false† forms of the faith allow women to take leading roles, or at least, that women regard themselves as legitimate teachers and propagators of this faith. Why else would the author of 1 Timothy need to make the stern declaration. The author fears that, outside the structure of the household (5: 14), they will roam from house to house, â€Å"saying what they should not say† (5: 13). This can hardly with confidence be described as an itinerant form of missionary activity (though it may be that), but at the very least what we seem to encounter is a form of the faith, branded by the author of the Pastorals as false and Satanic, to which women are attracted and which they spread as they move from house to house (Towner 130). For the author of the letters, who sees an intimate connection between the structure of the household, leadership in the churches, and socially respectable behavior, such younger widows should â€Å"marry, bear children, and manage their households† (Campbell 101). Forms of the faith, which operate outside of, or present a challenge to, the structure of the household are a threat. Within the canonical Pauline corpus, then, a clear trajectory can be seen in which the locus of power and authority shifts from the itinerant apostles, Paul and his co-workers, to the male heads of households resident in the Christian communities, though this resident leadership is still legitimated in Paul’s name. Certainly it is true that a number of householders had significant power and influence in the Pauline communities during Paul’s own lifetime. It is also true that the pattern of community life and structure which the author of the Pastoral epistles urges is not uncontroversially established; it is presented in the context of a harsh and vituperative polemic against those who see things differently. The extent of the transformation should not therefore be exaggerated, but neither should it be downplayed. (Holmberg 132) Evidence from other early Christian epistles from the late first and early second century may also be drawn into this picture. 1 Peter, written from Rome sometime between 75 and 90 C.E., though it deals little with structures of leadership in the communities, addresses the elders of the communities to which the letter is sent ( 1 Pet 5: 1-4). These figures, who are probably resident leaders of seniority in both faith, age, and social position, are urged to exercise their pastoral role and â€Å"oversight,† episkopountes, willingly. And those who are younger are instructed to accept the authority of the elders (Towner 137). At EssayLib.com custom writing service you can buy a custom research paper on Ecclesiology topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. 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The Many Methods Sociological Research †Sociology Essay

The Many Methods Sociological Research – Sociology Essay Free Online Research Papers The Many Methods Sociological Research Sociology Essay In sociology, there are four social research methods used to perform experiments. After a researcher has identified what he or she will be researching, the researcher will choose the best method to use to test their experiment. Each method has different strengths in completing a research. At times, a combination of two will enforce a better result. The four research methods a researcher could use would be experiment research, survey research, field observation, and use of existing data sources. At first, the researcher has to come up with a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a single statement about reality that can be tested (Farley25). This is then used to test a piece of a theory. It is possible to observe whether things happen the way the hypothesis claims that it will occur. A hypothesis is always a statement, never a question (25). There are very many variables, which are used in an experiment. A variable is a concept that can either take on different values or has two or more categories. There are two kinds of variables: independent and dependent. An independent variable is a variable that the researcher thinks is a cause, which influences the other variable. The cause must always come before the effect. For example, a person cannot do something today that will cause something to happen yesterday (26). A dependent variable, on the other hand, is a variable that the researcher thinks is the effect. The first research method is an experiment research. This is research that is carried out in a situation that is under the control the researcher (Farley28). This method is used when the research is based on how a situation may change if and independent variable is added to the situation. An experiment must have two groups that are similar in education, race, and age. There needs to be a control group and an experimental group. An experimental group goes through an experience while a control group goes through the pretest and posttest. Both groups need to be measured before and after the experiment. The control group is measured at the beginning of the period and then measured at the end of the period. But the control group is not put in a different situation that the group began in. The experimental group is measured at the beginning of the period, and then tested through the experiment, and then the group is measured again at the end of the period to see if there was any change to the group. The second research method is conducting a survey to gather information to test a hypothesis. A survey research is any research in which a population is asked a set of questions that are worked out in advance by the researcher. This method is used with a large population or a sample of the population. A sample is a subset of a population that is used to represent the entire population. The survey can consist of a questionnaire, a telephone interview, or a personal interview. Each survey will give a different result because of non- personal interaction and personal interaction. There are two types of questions. The first is a fixed response that is multiple choice and easy to process. The second one is open ended which the person writes his or here own answers in his her own words to the question.In a questionnaire, the people answer the survey by marking answers on the survey form. Theses surveys are very simple and inexpensive but the researcher might not always know when people have a problem understanding the questions. Another disadvantage of a mail- out/ mail- back questionnaire is the low rate response. How many people do you really think would take the time to fill out survey in the mail? A response can be improved if handed to a group to fill out right there on the spot. They can be given out perhaps at work or even in a classroom. A telephone interview has quick results. While the researcher is on the phone, he or she can type in the answers that are given and have results within seconds. Telephone interviews have a better response rate than questionnaires. Out of all of these, a person interview would be the most reliable method to use. The researcher can see the expressions on a person’s face or they can even explain the question better than in a questionnaire. There are some disadvantages in a personal interview, for example, the actual time that has to be spent in doing the interview and the amount of money it cost for the procedure to happen. Surveys and experiments produce numbers that can be used to test a hypothesis. A participant observation is often more subjective in nature and has fewer numbers but a greater knowledge (Farley35). The third research method is field observation. Field observation is where researchers observe human behavior as it occurs in ordinary real- life situations. This method is used to study and observe human behavior in natural setting. There are two main types of field observation: participant and unobtrusive. In participant observation, the researcher contributes in some way in the behavior observed. The researcher may continue by attending meetings or being involved in some types of group activities. A question asked in a participant observation is: should the researcher reveal his or her identity? Some researchers are against identifying his or her identity because when people discover that they are being studied, it can cause them to behave differently (Levin). On the other hand, some researchers consider identifying themselves because they believe people have the right to know that they are being studied. In an unobtrusive observation, the researcher does not in any way become involved in the behavior being observed. The researcher is in a position out of sight, for example, through a window or across the street. An inconspicuous measure is then taken by percentages, for instance, the percentage of male or female that get on a subway. An instance of field observation is how to study how parents treat their children when the child misbehaves. This method allows the researcher to observe the family without conversation. If parents were asked how they discipline their children when misbehaving, the conclusions would be incorrect. Therefore it is understandable that field observation would be the most precise method to use in situations comparable to this one. The last research method would be the use of existing data sources. The researcher does not collect original data because data has already been collected. Researching old documents or studies that have already been done use this method. There is no use of another human, just past information that now may be studied to find changes from then and now. There are three main sources that are used, one of which is archives. Colleges, organizations, and corporations have collected the data already. This has resulted in computerized data archives that are open to anyone (Farley38). Government data would include records of births, deaths, marriages, and even divorces. The information is directly available over the Internet to anyone who wants to use the information. The second source is the U.S. Census, which is updated every ten years. The data is on the population, housing from a street block to the entire country, manufacturing, and wholesale trade. Content analysis would be the last sourc e. This involves some type of systematic examination of the content of books, articles, speeches, movies, and/or television programs. For example, compare the number and types of roles filled by male and female characters in a set of television programs. It can be either quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative is counting the number of words devoted to female characters as opposed to the male characters. Qualitative is a detailed description and analysis of how male and female characters is presented (Farley39). These four social research methods are all used differently in experiments. As explained, experiment, survey, field observation, and existing data are very useful in each type of situation that may be presented to the researcher. The researcher just must know what he or she is studying and what type of research he or she is going to use. Every time research is involved, a method has to be used. 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