Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

The famous Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde was written by Robert Louis Stevenson and has remained popular ever since its publication in 1886. Robert was born in 1850 and was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was brought up a calvalist, however followed the bohemian life style. He married Mrs. Fanny Osbourne in 1880 and supported Priest Dameor who cared for the lepers. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a rich tale of the duality of mankind and how we are in ‘essence creatures created for good’, however in all of us there is the seed to do bad. The moral of the story is an old biblical one that many Christians recite daily in prayer†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil’. This might be one of the reasons Stevenson wrote this book; Jekyll lives a double life of propriety and shame, imprisoned by the moral demands of Victorian society, and so did Stevenson. He too was surrounded by upright, religious and rigid citizens. He was even pressured into studying law at Edinburgh University. This book was written as a horror story. We know this because of the settings and plot. Stevenson wrote the book at the time of many murders in the east of London and the complete ignoring of social values and heartless deeds committed by Mr Hyde are totally in synch with Jack the Ripper and Sherlock Holmes. Mr Hyde represents the exact opposite of what Victorian gentlemen should act and the savageness of his actions is what made the book so scary back then. The story takes place in London during the nineteenth century. The central mood of the novel is one of mystery and terror. Stevenson creates dark settings to create a mood of anticipation and mystery. E.g.’ He was aware of an odd, light’. Mr Hyde only comes out in the dark, foggy night, which subsequently makes the reader suspect mainly sinister intentions and automatically informs the reader that there is an expectation of trouble and something threatening, as the dark brings ominous feelings and terror to the reader. Stevenson changes the weather from regular night to more dark and foggy so that it is almost impossible to see clearly, therefore emphasising the fact through the fog, there is something concealed and surreptitious lurking about which makes the reader feel anxious. Also, he makes the character more evil looking in the dark e.g.’ In the darkness of the night he gave an impression deformity without any namable malformation’. This makes the reader picture a horrific creature that makes them feel defenceless and exposed. Stevenson describes the fog being broken up as a ‘haggard shaft’. This gives the sense of destructiveness and violence. Also the quote ‘swirling wreaths’ gives the sense of death as wreaths is what is placed on-top of a coffin. Finally Stevenson describes the gloomy avenues as ‘mournful re- invasion of darkness’ which gives the sense of decay and obscurity. All these quotes also make the reader feel uneasy and apprehensive. The quotes ‘It seems she was romantically given’ and ‘London from all around very silent’ gives an eerie effect and provides a somewhat peaceful response. These quotes are also examples of emotive language, because they give the reader an emotional response. ‘A certain sinister block’ and ‘tramps slouched’ are both examples of figurative language which gives the reader a precise picture of what is in the setting. The quote ‘tramps slouched’ gives us an unpleasant image of what reality was really like for the poor, making the reader feel uncomfortable as well as sympathetic. As addition to Stevenson using figurative and emotive language, he also uses a wide range of verbs like ‘ragged’ and ‘dingy’ which helps the reader to get a detailed picture of the insecurity and filthiness in which they lived through, and adjectives like ‘ragged children huddled’, which illustrates the fear and torment which even children went through. The quotes ‘low growl of London’ and ‘city in a nightmare’, all give off the impression that the streets of London at the time were grimy, dangerous, dingy and simply terrifying places to live. Also the word ‘growl’, an example of personification, gives a sense that there is a savage, ruthless and a ferocious monster prowling about London. Finally the metaphor, ‘light of some strange conflagration’, gives a reference hell which makes the reader feel uncomfortable. Even though there are many quotes referring to the struggles of Victorian society, there are on the other hand several quotes which describe the other side of Victorian society which was entirely different. For example, ‘bachelor house’, ‘close by the fire’ and ‘gratefully to bed’, all give off a cosy, warm, safe and welcoming impression. So yet again we have another contrast of the rich, warm, safe Victorian residence to the poor, insecure and generally tough Victorian slums. This shows that if you were rich you could use the power whatever way you like, however if you were poor, you were trapped in a world of poverty and in a sense of revulsion. There are three main characters in the novel, Dr Henry Jekyll, Edward Hyde and Mr Utterson. Dr. Henry Jekyll is a prominent middle- aged doctor and throughout the novel he is physically described as both ‘tall’ and ‘handsome’. He is also extremely wealthy and by all who him, he is described as well respected and proper. For example, Stevenson describes Jekyll as a ‘entertainer’ and a person known for ‘charities’ which gives the impression that Jekyll is a warm, pleasant, middle class gentleman. In the book, his voice is only heard in the concluding chapter (Henry Jekyll’s full statement of the case), only after being described through the lens of Utterson, Lanyon, Poole and Enfield. The doctor’s belief that within each Human- being exists two countering forces, good and evil, leads to his experiments to try to separate the two. This however, was not done merely for scientific reasons, but also because he enjoyed escaping the confines of the respectable guise of Dr. Jekyll. The quote which illustrates this is ‘The transformation was succeeded by a sense of joy’. This also suggests that people didn’t know what was right and what was wrong and would do and ask questions later. Also in the book he is described as ‘less distinguished for religion’, which suggests he too questioned Christianity like many other people of his time. For example, Darwin challenged religion as he came up with the theory that we evolved from monkeys which would mean the world wasn’t made is seven days. Edward Hyde is a ‘small’, ‘deformed’, ‘disgusting’ young man (much younger than Dr Jekyll) that is devoid of an apparent profession. Also the quote ‘deformed’ illustrates that some Victorians disliked and rejected disabled people. Stevenson describes Hyde as ‘callous’ and ‘violent’ and ‘a murderous mixture of timidly and boldness’, which gives the impression Hyde is a fierce, ruthless, brutal monster. Despite the many descriptions of the horror that Edward Hyde invokes (by Lanyon, Utterson and Enfield), we are never told in detail precisely why or what features are so disgusting to observers, which emphasises the fact the novel was made in the time where phrenology (judging someone by their appearance) was the key to knowing if someone was good or evil. Hyde is also often compared to animals e.g.’ snarled’, implying that he is not a fully evolved Human- Being. Another factor which suggests he is compared to animals is the fact he only menaces society at night e.g. trampling a girl in the street and murdering Sir Danvers Carew, which relates him to rodents and other nocturnal animals. Finally the quote ‘the man seems hardly human’, illustrates the fact Hyde is not a whole and has something missing†¦. Good. Mr Utterson is the narrator of the book and is described as ‘tall’ and ‘loveable’. He is a middle- aged lawyer plus someone that all the characters confide in throughout the novel. As an old friend of Jekyll, he recognises the changes and strange occurrences that centre around both Jekyll and Hyde. Stevenson describes Utterson as a ‘reliable’ and ‘Modest man’ which suggests he is perhaps the most circumspect and respected character in the book; therefore, it is significant that we view the crimes of Hyde through his observant frame. However, when Utterson discovers Hyde’s body in a red cabinet, instead of reporting it to the police he precedes in reading a letter addressed to him, which suggests he is more interested in his social status than solving the mystery. The quotes ‘his friendship seemed to be founded in a similar catholicity of a good nature’ and ‘his friends were those of his own blood or those who he had seen the longest’, illustrates the fact he is insular, biased and narrow-minded. Knowing this makes the reader question if the story is told accurately and truthfully. The thing I noticed about this novel is that all the women are either victims or maids. E.g. the girl who got trampled on, the maid who witnessed the murder of Sir Danvers Carew and the house maid. This suggests that the middle class Victorian society were very sexist. However, if a Victorian was to read a modern day horror story, they would probably come up with the same conclusion, as the majority of victims in today’s horror stories are women. The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is typical of the horror genre as it has many factors in which we would expect to see in a horror story today. For example, the story is mainly set at night, there are victims and most importantly the evil character is punished at the end of the novel. Mr Utterson is the narrator of the book and we are told the story through his eyes and told as though it’s true. This contributes to the element of suspense as we only know what Utterson knows. Suspense is also built up as Stevenson writes as if there is a final explanation as to whom the mystery figure is but doesn’t let on and instead lets the suspense build. He occasionally allows a small amount of information out just to whet the appetites and keep up an atmosphere of mystery and confusion. For example, at the end of chapter five (Incident of the letter), Utterson says ‘Henry Jekyll forge for a murderer’. Not only does this make you wonder who the murderer is, but it also makes the reader want to read on. This atmosphere, one of controlled suspense, gradual building up of a sense of horror and destruction is achieved through a slow accumulation of unemotional detail, as this leaves the reader wondering what the characters are like and what they might do . I believe horror stories today do still follow a similar pattern, in the fact people who do bad deeds are usually punished, they are packed with suspense and often include someone trying to solve the mystery or catch the villain or monster, which in our case is Mr Utterson. However, the major difference in more recent examples of the genre is the tendency to locate the monstrous squarely within the normal, rather than presenting it as a threatening creature, such as Mr Hyde and Frankenstein, all made by individuals. Alfred Hitchcock had in fact changed this direction of the horror genre in 1960 with Psycho; the movie not only presented its most frightening moment, the shower murder, it also suggested that horror resides in everyday life rather than in alternative worlds of the supernatural or the gothic. Finally, the recent so called ‘slice and dice’ films, such as Halloween, and ‘living dead’ movies such as the ‘night of the living dead’ are demonstrations of how contemporary special effects technology can depict increasingly gruesome and imaginative dismemberment and mutilation usually at the expense of character, plot and theme. Even though these are all films, we can still see how there is a greater desire for horror stories which are related to everyday occurrences or objects. In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson illustrates the devastating effects of meddling with God’s creation and how our negative and evil desires and urges can overtake our original selves until we lose touch of who we once represented. Furthermore, Dr Jekyll’s desire and addiction to temporarily alter his existence results ultimately in his deadly demise. Jekyll and Hyde demonstrates how innocent curiosity about the darker sides of our nature can soon get out of hand and how evil is compulsive and how evil can so easily take control of the good. Stevenson has used Jekyll and Hyde to show that everyone has good and evil inside them. He portrays this very well by using the setting to portray good and evil e.g. dingy street and a grand residence. He also makes a very important point which is relevant today as it was in the nineteenth century. This is that bottled antisocialable behaviour can lead to sudden violent outpourings, such as seen in Hyde’s murder of Sir Danvers Carew. In Victorian society no one questioned God so the idea of something happening which isn’t controlled by God would be unusual. Also electricity had only just been invented so people were quite wary about the things science could do. I think the main theme in the book is duality and how London is split into good and evil, rich and poor, scientific fact and experimenting new ideas. The final point I wish to mention is how they kept secrets. On the outside people were warm and inviting, however inside, people kept intimate secrets, such as dealing with drugs, alcohol and prostitution. I believe this was probably due to the fact there wasn’t much pleasure in this type of life. There are many morals included in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde; however there are two main morals which stand out, one straight forward moral and a more complex moral. The straight forward moral is that if you do bad deeds you will be punished and also how addiction can lead to violence and how violence can lead to murder. The more complex moral, however is about the appeal of being Mr Hyde. Because Mr Hyde is described and talked about so much, he is probably the most interesting and exciting character in the book, which turns the straight forward moral on it’s head and makes Hyde the most appealing character in the novel. I believe the relevance of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde has changed considerably over the last hundred years. The main difference is that the Victorians saw this book religiously, however now when we read this book we think it’s about personal weakness and how addiction can lead to evil. A Victorian also wouldn’t see the relevance of drugs and alcohol in this book, nor would they understand the relevance of addiction and what effect it has. Some may say that as humans, we wear masks. Not real masks, but masks that cover up our true personality showing our good side around our friends and our bad side around our family. These are great examples of man’s fight in duality; our good side is always competing against our evil side, resulting in our duality, our fight over good verses evil. In this story, Doctor Jekyll is a regular scientist with the same feelings as every other human being; Mr. Hyde is a manifestation of Doctor Jekyll’s evil side and as a result, he is able to commit murder without any guilt. In the end, the evil manifestation won, taking completely over the Doctor’s body. The fight between good and evil is over! Finally, I believe the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is about how Dr Jekyll struggles to decide either to do the right thing and be a good citizen, or to do the thing Dr Jekyll desires the most and to be Mr. Hyde which he knows is wrong.

Assignment 3 Essay

In the rapidly evolving global marketplace in which outsourcing is ubiquitous, organizations need to be vigilant in their management of risk. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) is a growing paradigm in which business leaders seek to effectively identify, mitigate, and manage risks across all aspects of the business as a whole. The ERM model classifies business risk into seven distinct, but inter-related categories: 1) strategic market risks, 2) operating risks, 3) finance risks, 4) human capital risks, 5) Information Technology (IT) risks, 6) legal risks, and 7) reputation risks. (Beasley, Bradford, and Pagach, 2004) A proposed outsourcing of any business process needs to carefully evaluate how the proposed change may create, increase, or reduce risks in each of these business areas. This paper will examine a proposed change from a legacy payroll system to an outsourced solution and evaluate the costs, benefits, and risks of the proposed change. Additionally, it will suggest how to effectively manage such a transition. COSTS AND BENEFITS When considering the costs versus benefits of a business decision, both costs and benefits can be categorized as either direct or indirect. Direct costs refers to those activities that require a quantifiable and foreseeable outlay of the organization’s assets. Indirect costs, however, refer to potential costs that may arise. Direct benefits refers to those activities that either increase revenue or reduce cost. As with direct costs, direct benefits can be easily quantified. Likewise, indirect benefits are more difficult to foresee and quantify. Following is a cost-benefits analysis matrix representative of the proposed payroll outsourcing project. Direct Indirect Benefits Revenue Enhancements Cost Reductions Reduction in man-hours Increased efficiency Avoidance of noncompliance fines and penalties Costs Implementation costs Vendor fees Service agreement fees Disruption to payroll activity during transition ENTERPRISE RISK MAMAGEMENT Using the ERM model as a guide, we can identify risks associated with the proposed transition across multiple business areas. Outsourcing the organization payroll functions has the potential to expose it to finance, human capital, and legal risks. A single vendor mistake, such as miscalculation of tax deductions has the potential for an exponentially negative effect on the organization’s bottom line, the morale, and potential loss of, the employee workforce, and legal compliance with local, state and federal regulations. Tim Stuhldreher stresses that extreme care must be given when choosing a payroll vendor. (Stuhldreher, 2012) Not only should potential vendors be thoroughly researched and vetted, a continuous process evaluation should be put into force to identify, limit, and guard against unintended risk. PROJECT MANAGEMENT There are many tools which project managers have at their disposal to ensure that a project stays on schedule, within budget, and within scope as well as produces intended outcomes. Common among these management tools are the Gantt chart, the performance evaluation and review technique (or PERT), and the critical path method (or CPM). Each of these scheduling and management techniques has a unique focus as well as certain limitations. A Gantt chart is a horizontal bar chart which identifies the tasks which are to be completed within the project and provides a timeline for their completion. A Gantt chart for the proposed payroll outsourcing project would have as it individual tasks formation of a vendor selection committee, selection of a payroll vendor, development of a data transfer protocol, system testing, and personnel training, and establishing a go live date. These individual milestones provide the parameters of the project’s scope, and the Gantt chart develops a schedule for completion of these milestones. One significant advantage of a Gantt chart is its simplicity. By providing a graphical representation of the tasks and timelines, management can easily understand, and gauge, the scheduling and completion rate of the project. A Gantt chart, however, is limited in that its primary focus is the project’s scheduling, and it is inflexible to developing changes that may evolve during the project. Also, while it does identify the tasks that are milestones within the project, it does not illustrate any interdependencies among those tasks. The PERT technique attempts to deal with the uncertainties to which Gantt charts are inflexible, and allowing for uncertainty is the major advantage of PERT. (Davis, 1966) PERT also identifies dependencies among project tasks, thus provide for a more efficient estimation of project completion time. PERT relies on multiple estimates to factor in scheduling variations due to uncertainty. In doing so, the thing that makes it advantageous over Gantt charts also is the cause for its disadvantage. PERT charts are significantly more complex than Gantt charts so managers may have difficulty interpreting and understanding them in the context of the entire project. The critical path method (CPM) also illustrates dependencies within project activities, but CPM seeks to identify the significance of the activities and their inter-relatedness. CPM seeks to compress completion time and mitigate risks inherent in the relation of tasks to each other. In addition to the advantage of showing dependencies, CPM more clearly illustrates the impacts of scheduling revisions. As with PERT, though, the added level of detail also presents disadvantages. The larger the project, and the more tasks, the more convoluted CPM becomes with dependency paths. CPM is also a bit myopic – it has a narrow focus on the dependency paths within the project, and it does not address resource allocation. The aforementioned project management tools all are useful for managing the scheduling and duration of a project. Project managers must also evaluate whether the project is delivering the intended outcome. Such evaluation should not only occur at the terminal end of a project, it should be a continued process throughout the life of the project. (Zofi, 2012) Additionally, employee morale and perception needs to be taken into consideration when implementing a change. This is especially true when it comes to outsourcing business functions. Elmuti, Grunewald, and Abebe observed that, consequent to outsourcing strategies, employees report lower levels of job satisfaction, lower levels of organizational commitment, and higher intentions to quit. (Elmuti, Grunewald, and Abebe, 2010) It is human, and organizational, nature to resist and be skeptical of change, particularly when a major business function that had previous been done in-house is outsourced. A proactive project management plan will anticipate and address employee resistance. Organizations considering an outsourcing strategy would be well served to openly and actively communicate with their employees the reasons for, and impact of the potential change while welcoming and encouraging questions and feedback from them. The more the employee base can be involved in affecting, and buy into change, the less their resistance may be. References Beasley, Mark, Bradford, Marianne, and Pagach, Don â€Å"Outsourcing? At Your Own Risk† Strategic Finance (July 2004), pp. 23-29 Davis, P. M. â€Å"From Scientific Management to Pert-An Evolution† Nebraska Journal of Economics and Business (1966), pp. 34-45 Elmuti, Dean, Grunewald, Julian, and Abebe, Dereje â€Å"Consequences of Outsourcing Strategies on Employee Quality of Work Life, Attitudes, and Performance† Journal of Business Strategies vol. 27, no. 2 (2010), pp. 178-203 Stuhldreher, Tim â€Å"Payroll complexity leads to outsourcing† Central Penn Business Journal (June 22, 2012), pp. 17-18 Zofi, Yael â€Å"Getting Deliverables Out the Door† Industrial Engineer (July 2012), pp. 35-40

Analysis And Comparison Of 2 Sonnets Essay

How Soon Hath Time, by John Milton, and Mutability, by William Wordsworth are two excellent examples of a well-written sonnet. They have their similarities between one another, and also their differences. In the end, however, each is a quality piece of literature. How Soon Hath Time has a rhyme scheme of â€Å"a, b, b, a, a, b, b, a, c, d, e, d, c, e’. Therefore, this is a Petrarchan sonnet. The syntax of this sonnet is very regular. There are major punctuation marks after the fourth and eight lines, in this case periods. These periods effectively divide the octet into two equal quatrains. The sestet is then divided into two sections, the first one being four lines long, followed by a colon. After the colon are the last two lines, concluding both the poem and the sestet. The meter of this poem is also quite regular, it has a smooth rhythm, and flows out of the mouth nicely, for example â€Å"How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth† (accented syllables in italics). This poem is about Life, and Death. It is about how time affects out lives, in particular the life of the author, John Milton. I believe that this poem is partly about how fast time goes by, without us ever fully realizing it. A quote that reinforces this belief is â€Å"How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, / Stol’n on his wing my three-and-twentieth year!†. There is also the theme of â€Å"Time the destroyer’ in this poem, a fairly common theme for sonnets from this era. John Milton reinforces this by personifying time, by capitalizing the â€Å"T’. This poem also refers to how inevitable death is. A quote that reinforces this is â€Å"Yet it be less or more, or soon or slow†Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¦.Toward which Time leads me, and the will of Heav’n†. Overall, this is an interesting sonnet, to say the least. It definitely got me thinking about its meaning, which I think was the author’s intent. Mutability has a rhyme scheme of â€Å"a, b, b, a, a, c, c, a, d, a, c, d, c, a’. Therefore, it is a Petrarchan sonnet, although somewhat different than the rhyme scheme of How Soon Hath Time. The syntax of this sonnet is very  irregular, it does not fit the typical structure of a petrarchan sonnet. The first major punctuation break comes at the end of the third line, in the form of a semi-colon. The second major punctuation break comes at the end of the sixth line, in the form of a period. Therefore, this sonnet begins with its sestet, instead of its octet. The octet is divided into two sections by the semi-colon in the middle of the tenth line. However, it’s not divided equally, it’s divided into one that is three and a half lines long, and one that is four and a half lines long. The meter in this poem is fairly normal, with no major irregularities. This poem is about how all things are affected by the chaos in this world. It goes through the different things of this planet that are affected by chaos, including humans, Truth, and Time. The quotes to support this are â€Å"From low to high doth dissolution climb†, â€Å"Truth fails not; but her outward forms that bear the longest date do melt like frosty rime† and â€Å"Some casual shout that broke the silent air, Or the unimaginable touch of Time.†. The broader theme is that bad things affect everything. These are two quality sonnets, and have their similarities and differences. They are similar in that they are both Petrarchan sonnets, with a similar rhyme scheme. They are also similar in that the meter is relatively regular in both of them. They are also similar in that they both have an octet and a sestet, although they are arranged in a different order. One important theme that I believe they have in common is that they both involve in something being destroyed. In How Soon Hath Time, it is life itself that is slowly being destroyed by time. In Mutability, it is everything that is essentially being destroyed by chaos. These two sonnets also have their differences. For example, the arrangement of the octets and sestets is different between the two. Also, the themes are different in that the â€Å"destroyer’ and the â€Å"destroyees’ are different. The syntax in Mutability is also much different than it is in How Soon Hath Time. The syntax in Mutability is much more irregular. Although these sonnets do have their differences, they are both great in that they capture the readers’ attention, and make the reader think. John Milton and William  Wordsworth both obviously knew what they were doing.

Club IT, Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Depression Amongst Transsexuals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Depression Amongst Transsexuals - Essay Example It has been reported that approximately 1 in 30,000 adult genetic males and 1 in 100,000 genetic females seek to change their sex ("Gender dysphoria", NHS direct). These persons suffer from a unique type of depression known as gender dysphoria wherein the mind of the affected persons assumes that he or she actually belongs to the sex opposite to that what has been assigned to him/her physically at the time of birth. The transsexual can be male -to-female or female-to-male. A transsexual may be heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual. This condition is different from transvestism wherein people get sexual or emotional pleasure from wearing the clothing of the opposite sex. The condition of gender dysphoria remains profoundly stigmatizing (Ghosh, 2006). The disorder affects an individuals self-image, and can impact the persons mannerisms, behavior and dress (â€Å"Mental health†, WebMD). Due to confusion about the individual sex, the person experiences anxiety and feelings and fear of rejection. These feelings often lead to chronic depression and even suicidal tendencies. Many of them attempt to undergo hormone and surgical treatment to physically change their sex. Most of them have impairment in social and occupational functioning. Also, many individuals with this condition become socially isolated. Isolation and ostracism contribute to low self esteem and may lead to school aversion or dropping out of school (â€Å"DSM IV†, Gender Identity Disorder). Boys with this condition show marked female mannerisms and speech patterns and are subjected to teasing which further makes them go in to depression (â€Å"DSM IV†, Gender Identity D isorder). Often, in many of them, the disturbance can be so pervasive that the individuals’ thoughts revolve only around those activities that lessen gender distress and they are often preoccupied with appearance, especially early in the transition to living in the opposite sex role (â€Å"DSM IV†, Gender Identity Disorder). Relationships

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Network Acquisition - Essay Example Therefore, for successful network acquisition, Veil (2010) asserts that one has to understand completely whether the legal name and the web presence of the company when merged. The effects of geographical distance and the inter-organizational networks on the acquisition strategies in these high technology industries will be examined via an analysis of mergers and acquisitions that occurred in the computer networking industry during the 1990s. It is during this period that the said industry encountered massive growth of entrants, innovative products, and the VC investments. The Cisco Systems, which has a dominant presence in the networking industry, acquired over 70 firms. It is, therefore, the biggest public company in terms of market capitalization (Yurov, 2008). For any successful acquisition, it is important to carry out a background check. As such, with every IT venture, customer retention and innovation would be the ultimate strength. However, threats such as the eminent rise of other companies would rise. The company’s biggest weakness would be the replication of efforts and subsequent failure brought stemming from a weak organizational structure, and poor decision making. Management experts are employed in order to achieve the company’s prosperity. While it is a merger, there’s the possibility of restructuring because of the centralization of the business. In such a state, it is instrumental to carry out hypothesis testing or questionnaires to help the management run simulations on the possible performance of the organization. Precaution has to be highlighted to avoid acquiring projects that are similar in size and competence. A more realistic concept would be to focus the acquisition activities strongly on projects involving more companies to create economies of scale. Online marketing is good when the websites of the individual companies are either merged or partnered with

Non tariff barriers to trade in IT products Essay

Non tariff barriers to trade in IT products - Essay Example Government regulation is essential because it is the only authority responsible in making sure that mechanisms that have been put in place to prevent new trade barriers are closely monitored. Conformity assessment is a tool used by governments in such a way as to allow the free movement of goods while at the same time making sure that the goods comply with set standards. During such assessments, only goods that comply with provisions concerning standards of a specific country are allowed into its markets and those that do not are sent back to their manufacturers for correction. In most cases, conformity assessments are done on a regular basis and it is required that these assessments be carried out according to the legislation that has been passed within a country. The government is therefore tied by these legislations and it cannot go beyond them when inspecting goods for conformity because to do so might result in serious legal action from the manufacturer. Manufacturers are also obligated to ensure that the products that they design and manufacture are done in a way that they conform to the requirements needed by the government. The need to ensure that products conform to requirements is supposed to motivate manufacturers to produce only the best products that they can because they have to be in line with legislation concerning technical harmonization (Reynolds 2009, p.21). Conformity assessment is a course of action that is taken before a product is allowed into the market and this is a procedure that is designed to ensure that it fulfils all necessary requirements. Legislations concerning this procedure are enforced by governments in such a way that it is performed in a manner that follows technical procedures as is specified in the specific legislation. Under normal circumstances, manufacturers are required to choose from among different procedures of conformity in a bid to

Ocean biology 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ocean biology 1 - Essay Example The aim of his theory was to discuss the concept openly. Therefore, Wegener did not present the theory as a proven fact. There are some objects, which can float in saltwater but not in fresh water. Whether an object will sink or float, entirely depends on the relative density of the fluid itself. In universe, everything is made of molecules. Density can be described through the concept of molecules. There are some objects that are packed densely and some other objects are packed loosely. This concept is called density. Now the objects that are made of tightly packed molecules will sink in low density liquid. The opposite will happen for the objects, which are made up of loosely packed molecules. I have done an experiment in my home with an egg. I have observed that egg placed in the fresh water sink immediately but it floated in saltwater. I have done another experiment with metallic spoon. In this experiment, also spoon floated in the salt water but sank in tap water. The next experiment was on metallic pen. The result of this experiment also gave the same result. Metallic pen floated in salt water but sink in the fresh water. Throughout the world, water and wind, usually erode about 20 billion tones of rock debris and dirt from the continents and deposit into the seafloor. In average, there is 1300 feet of sediment in beneath the sea. Many processes accelerate this continuous adding of salt and other chemicals into the seas and oceans. Most common chemicals are sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) which are dissolved in the water easily. These chemicals are the basic constituents of salt that is sodium chloride. According to research, ocean restrains around 1370 million cubic kilometers of water and around 14700 trillion tons of sodium. Every year around 457 million tones of sodium dump into the ocean through river transportation, land surface erosion etc. Sometimes in some specific area Volcanic dust also dumps some amount of sodium into the water. Erosion of

Research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research methods - Essay Example For instance, no two elderly Pakistani males are alike, neither are two young English females, and such is a situation among the appearing academic intellectuals of today. Therefore, an open-minded social scientist (especially sociology student) might find it important to find out why some people are more likely to reach educational success than others. This is the question posed within the context of this research proposal, and research hypotheses can be taken from the review of related writings created by competent social scientists, who have dealt a lot with social class stratification. For social scientists this issue is extremely important within the general frames of describing social stratification and inequality based on person’s origin. Several researches, conducted in different time periods can be a good basis for changes in social and immigration policies and might satisfy scientific interest of researchers. A number of sociologists wrote on their ideas about the reasons for different academic success in the society, where higher education is widely available. Their concepts imply that individuals may have experienced contradictory influences toward academic success in part because of their race or socio-economic condition. â€Å"The different variables, in turn, can be shown to affect the level of academic success some persons achieve. The ethnicity of an individual is believed by many to have a strong correlation with the level of academic success achieved by that particular ethnic group† (Murphy, 1986, p.501). Furthermore, many people belonging to the same race live in the same areas. For instance, refugees or immigrants from the Muslim world tend to concentrate in certain urban and rural settings that have comparatively low socio-economic status, which may be associated with the lower levels of educational success achieved in this area, among

Draft for Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Draft for Case Study - Essay Example This little story is much like the case we have before us today. The injury suffered by the Plaintiff is being attributed to an advice given by employees of the Defendant, although there in fact exists no logical connection between the two. The defendant, Bethlehem Ice Solutions, is a popular ski resort for a number of reasons – it has good ski slopes the avid skier enjoys, it has comfortable and well appointed facilities for its guests, and it has a good safety track record. Had it been otherwise, lovers of skiing would not have flocked to this place such as the April morning when the incident occurred. Let us summarize the facts so far established. On that morning, a guest at the resort by the name of Craig approached Bethlehem’s staff Dan and Abby and asked about â€Å"a slope that is open and suitable for the moderately skilled skier.† Dan and Abby pointed him to Willie’s Wander which was acknowledged by all as a â€Å"relatively easy run.† When he took that slope, Craig felt that he could not after all take it, and decided to walk down. Not only did he decide to walk down, but he also decided to â€Å"cut across to a neighboring slope† that he adjudged to be closer to the parking lot. It is in this slope that Craig encountered Alex, the plaintiff in this case, on the way down, which resulted in injury to Alex. These are the facts as they stand in the present case. Now, Alex has brought action against Bethlehem because he believes Bethlehem is responsible for his accident. In short, Alex says Bethlehem caused his injury, by sending Craig down the Willie’s Wander run. Specifically, Alex says Bethlehem was negligent in giving Craig the wrong advice that sent him down the slope on which he collided with Alex and therefore caused his injuries. But wait, am I getting this right? Was Alex on Willie’s Wander when he and Craig accidentally collided? The facts say NO, they collided on another, nearby run, the more dangerous run where

John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Essay Example for Free

John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Essay John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address The Inaugural Address, by John F. Kennedy is about the people cooperating to make America a better place for everyone. John F. Kennedy’s speech was delivered in the east side of the capitol on January 20, 1961. In John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address, he emphasizes the need for unity among mankind. John F. Kennedy utilizes anaphora to evoke togetherness throughout the world. Throughout his speech, Kennedy repeats, â€Å"we pledge† several times. Kennedy means to convey unity by using â€Å"we† to connect to the people. Because the phrase is repeated so many times it shows how bad he wants the idea grasped in to the peoples minds. By using the word â€Å"pledge† he is able to emphasize the promise that the people made to America. Kennedy also reiterates the phrase, â€Å" we shall† many times. Through the phrase â€Å"we shall† he is able to highlight that everyone is going to help. It makes the people see that they have a part in constructing America, for Kennedy cannot do it on his own. He wants to build a unity where everyone is on the same team; together they will help each other out and strive for the unity of America. Kennedy wants to be on the same side as the people; he constantly say’s â€Å"let both sides† so that he can come into an agreement with them. If Kennedy makes a connection with the people they will do as he says. He wants â€Å"both sides† to collaborate with each other to create a strong nation. If he were able to create a unified nation, the people would live in a civilized manner, all-willing to help. Through anaphora, Kennedy is able to present the theme that together you can conquer all.

Sensor Technology for Mineral Exploration

Sensor Technology for Mineral Exploration 1. Introduction Significant contribution is done by satellite remote sensing in the field of mineral exploration viz. Geological faults, fractures and mapping, which are associated with the ore deposits based on spectral signature, (Farooq and Govil 2013; Magendra and Sanjeevi 2014; Murphy and Monteiro 2011, Le Yo et al., 2011) the spectral signature helps in the recognizes hydrothermal altered rocks (Sabins, 1999). The multispectral remote sensing exhibits differences in spectral signatures which are insufficient spectral resolution for the hydrothermal altered mineral mapping (Clark, 1999). The Multispectral sensors viz. Landsat TM, ETM+, ASTER image processing helps in iron oxides mapping, the spectral ranges 1.55-1.75 Â µm and 2.08-2.35 Â µm is important for iron mapping (Gupta, 2003). The hyperspectral images provide a higher spectral resolution the the multispectral images (Clark et al., 1990; Magendra and Sanjeevi 2014; Van der Meer 2012). The discovery of new hyperspectral sensor technology in terms of both sensor and technical development has provided the opportunity to revisit previous remote sensing approaches for the mineral exploration as well as for the development of improved methods. Hyperspectral sensors have hundreds of channels, aircraft and satellite platforms which provide unique spectral datasets, and which are helpful in analyzing the surface mineralogy mapping (Goetz et al., 1985; Kruse et al., 2003; Debba et al., 2005, Vaughan et al., 2003). The airborne sensors like AVIRIS, HYDICE and Satellite sensor like Hyperion are used for mapping geology, snow etc. Hyperspectral remote sensing aims at providing the requirements like spectral, spatial and radiometric empower, measuring in terms of range, sampling, response, stability, uniformity, precision and accuracy. With the help of hyperspectral remote sensing we can find different minerals viz iron oxides, micas, chlorites, amphiboles, talc, serpentines, c arbonates, quartz, garnets, pyroxenes, feldspars and sulphates (Eva Papp and Cudahy 2002; Magendran and sanjeevi 2014; Hubbard and Crowley 2005). EO-1 Hyperion is the first Space based hyperspectral sensor, and it was launched on 21 November 2000 (Ungar et al., 2003). The Hyperion image has 30m spatial resolution, 242 channels and 7.7 km swath. The hyperspectral (Hyperion) sensor with 0.4-2.5Â µm spectral range, i.e. visible-near infrared (VNIR) spectrometer (approxmeterly0.4-1.0Â µm) and one short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectrometer (approximately 0.9-2.5Â µm) (EO-1 User guide) in which some minerals and rocks show good absorption and reflectance, due to variation in physicochemical properties, which help in their exploration mapping (Clark et al., 1990; Hunt et al., 1971). The spectral reflectance one can detect and identify the Earth surface and atmospheric constituents to measure the reflected spectra’s component concentration. We can find the distribution of the component and validate by improving models. The processing of Hyperion image is a challenging task as it consists hundreds of channels. The selection of required channels with its good apparent reflection requires good skills. The direct measurements of atmospheric properties are rarely available, and there are some techniques which surmise them from their imprint on hyperspectral radiance data. These properties are used to constrain highly accurate models of atmospheric radiation transfer to produce an estimate of the true surface reflectance. Moreover, atmospheric corrections of this type can be applied on a pixel by pixel basis since each pixel in a hyperspectral image contains an independent measurement of atmospheric water vapor absorption bands. There are different models available viz QUAC, 5S, 6S, ATCOR, ATREAM, HATCH, EFFORT Polishing, FLAASH etc (ITTVis, 2010). FLAASH is a MODTRAN4-based atmospheric correction software package, which provides accurate, physics-based derivation of apparent surface reflectance, through derivation of atmospheric properties such as surface albedo, surface altitude, water vapor column, aerosol and cloud optical depths, surface and atmospheric temperature from hyperspectral imaging data. FLAASH uses the most advanced techniques for handling particular stressing atmospheric conditions, such as the presence of clouds, cirrus and opaque cloud classification map adjustable spectral polishing for artifact suppression. The Hyperion image consists of a huge number of data sets which are supposed to be reduced dimensionally. The techniques like Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transform are used to reduce the number of spectral dimensions to be analyzed. The pure pixels are the most spectrally extreme pixels (Broadman et al., 1995), which spectrally correspond to the mixing end members. These end members form the base for the n-Dimensional visualization, and each selected end members are spectrally matched with USGS spectral library. The near visible near infrared image (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral range cover the features of iron bearing minerals, hydroxyl bearing minerals sulphates and carbonates. The iron ores and iron bearing minerals have characteristic spectra in the 850nm to 950 nm wavelength (Magendran and Sanjeevi, 2014). The ferric iron minerals hematite (Fe203) has distinct spectral curves in the visible near-infrared image (VNIR), which is caused by absorptions and induced by crystal field transitions at about 465 nm, 650 nm and 850–950 nm (Townsend, 1987). The paper presents an attempt for mapping iron oxides in Chitradurga Schist belt by using the Hyperion image. The iron distribution mapping is made with the standardized hyperspectral methodologies. An attempt is also made by taking the spectra of iron in-vitro and compared it with the USGS spectral libraryfor mappingiron distribution. The Spectral Angle Mapper Classification (SAM) is an automated method of comparing the image spectra with the individual spectra, or a spectral library (Boardman 1992; Kruse et al 1993). SAM treats both individual spectra, spectral library spectra and calculates as vectors and its spectral angle. Since the SAM algorithm uses the only vector direction and not the vector length. The result of the SAM classification is an image showing the best match at each pixel. This method is typically used for determining the mineralogy and works better in the areas of identical regions. The USGS maintains a large spectral library composed of mineral and soil types, which has image spectra and can be compared directly. 1.1 Study Area and image data The lithology of the Chitradurga schist belt 13036’25’’N and 760 35’49’’E belongs to both Bababudan and Chitradurga Groups. (Figure 1) The Bababudan Group of rocks represented by metabasalt-quartzite formations and NNW trending synclinal Kibbanahalli BIF formation, wrapping around the Chikkanayakanahalli (CN Halli) gneiss and joining the main CN Halli belt near Dodguni (Radhakrishna, 1967; Srinivasan and Sreenivas, 1975; Seshadri et al., 1981; Ramakrishnan and Vaidynadhan, 2008). Chitradurga Group covers most of the CN Halli schist belt, represented by quartz-sericite-chlorite schist, quartzite, carbonates, Mn formations and BIF overlies Bababudan Group (Devaraju and Anantha Murthy, 1976, 1977). EO-1 Hyperion level 1 radiometric (L1R) product having 242 bands covering CN Halli area acquired on 14 April 2011 was used. The image covers the spectral range of 0.4 to 2.5Â µm at 10 nm bandwidth. However, only 155 of them are calibrated from visible-to-infrared (VNIR) and short wave-infrared (SWIR) regions. (Table 1) (EO-1 User Guide, 2003).

Pharmacogenetics And Pharmacogenomics In Pharmacy Practice Biology Essay

Pharmacogenetics And Pharmacogenomics In Pharmacy Practice Biology Essay The study of the interaction between genetics and therapeutic drugs is variously called pharmacogenetics or pharmacogenomics. The differences between the two are the initial approach of the science: Pharmacogenetics starts with an unexpected drug response result and looks for a genetic cause. Pharmacogenomics, on the other hand, begins with looking for genetic differences within a population that explain certain observed responses to a drug or susceptibility to a health problem (The Australasian Genetics Resource Book, 2007). Pharmacogenetics refers to the study of inter-individual specific genetic variation (Zika et al. 2006). The term pharmacogenetics is occasionally used in a limiting sense to describe how different gene variants affect drug-response but it can also be defined more broadly as the study of the effect of heredity on human drug-response (Newton et al. 2007). Factors that influence how an individual responds to medication include their external and internal environments and overall health, as well as their genetic make-up. The goal of pharmacogenetics is to understand the role that an individuals genetic make-up plays in how well a medicine works, as well as what side effects are likely to occur in the individuals body. Understanding this can help tailor drugs in the future best suited for a particular individual (personalised medicine) or group (The Australian Genetics Resource Book, 2007). The small differences in the genes between different population groups, or some families within a population group, that have built up over the generations can mean that they react differently to medicines. However, some diseases, notably cancers, develop in cells which have an altered genetic constitution, so that the genetic make-up of the diseased tissue is no longer the same as that of the person in which it is present. Specific genes present in the diseased tissue may play a critical role in determining the optimum treatment. To establish this, it will therefore be necessary to identify the genetic make-up of the cancer itself: testing the patient before a cancer has developed is of no use, because the genetic changes are only present in the cancer cells and not in the normal host tissues (Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2003). Some potential benefits of pharmacogenetics include the following: More powerful medicines: Drugs may be developed targeting specific health problems that will maximise therapeutic effects but decrease damage to nearby healthy cells Safer drugs the first time: Doctors could have an idea which drug to use based on a genetic profile versus trial and error, decreasing the likelihood of adverse reactions More accurate methods of determining dosages: Instead of dosages being based on body weight and age, it would be based on an individuals genetics. This would decrease the likelihood of an overdose. Better vaccines: Vaccines made of genetic material could activate the immune system to have all the benefits of existing vaccines but with reduced risks of infections (The Australasian Genetics Resource Book, 2007). Implications of pharmacogenetics in practice are vast and encompass broad areas such as: Drug response the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors have been found to be greater in people of European or UK ancestry than African-Americans. Pre-treatment genetic screening of patients will eventually enable this knowledge to be applied in clinical practice. Moreover, variation in the genes that code for receptors (drug targets) may mean that some people may produce receptors that do not interact well with the drug. For example, some people have a lack of response to the drug salbutamol, used in the treatment of asthma, due to genetic variation in the gene that codes a receptor on the surface of smooth muscle cells lining airways of the lungs. Drug targets Genes may also determine how many of the receptors are produced on or within cells and genetic variation may mean that some people produce more of these sites than others. The action of the widely used antipsychotic drug haloperidol (Haldol) depends on its ability to bind to the dopamine (D2) receptor site. In one study, 63% of patients whose genetic make-up caused a large number of these receptor sites to be produced had a response to treatment with haloperidol. About 29% of patients with a smaller number of dopamine (D2) receptor sites responded well to the drug. Drug metabolism Pain relief medications such as codeine require an enzyme produced in the liver called CYP2D6 for the drug to be used by the body, break it down and remove it. Variations in the information contained in the CYP2D6 gene determine how much of this enzyme is produced in the liver (The Australasian Genetics Resource Book, 2007). The implication of variations in genotype on the metabolism of the immunosuppressant azathioprine is also an example. Polymorphisms in the gene encoding for the enzyme thiopurine S-methyl transferase (TPMT) lead to changes in the activity of the enzyme and rate of metabolism of azathioprine. Changes in the activity of the enzyme present clinically as an increased risk of neutropenia or a decreased chance of responding to azathioprine, at normal dose ranges. A genetic test for the polymorphism can identify individuals who are more likely to develop neutropenia. Thus, the aim of a pharmacogenetic test here is to minimise an adverse effect, although in other cases, a pharmacogenetic test may be able to predict an effective responseto a medicine by correlating an individuals genotype with the observed pharmacological actions of medicines (phenotype) (Clemerson et al. 2006). Drug development Excluding from clinical trials those people whose genetic makeup would make the drug being tested harmful or ineffective for them will increase the chance that a drug will show itself useful to a particular population group. This would increase the chance that the same drug will make it into the marketplace. Undertaking pre-genetic screening of those patients taking part in a clinical trial should also make the clinical trials smaller, faster, and therefore less expensive. For example, as seen in clinical trials for developing drugs for Alzheimer disease and other forms of dementia (The Australasian Genetics Resource Book, 2007). The application of pharmacogenetics has two main aspects: improvements in the safety and efficacy of medicines. In improving safety, pharmacogenetics works in the following ways: Pharmacogenetic tests reveal genetic variations already known to be associated with adverse reactions, allowing physicians to avoid exposing patients to medicines that would put them at risk. The majority of adverse reactions are caused because of an exaggerated effect of a medicine in the body. Less often, an adverse reaction may be an idiosyncratic response to the medicine. Adverse reactions to medicines have significant costs, in both human and monetary terms. However, it is difficult to ascertain the impact of genetic variation in response to medicines because data concerning adverse reactions often include problems caused by errors in prescription, and because information about other causes such as interaction between different medicines may be non-existent. Results from pharmacogenetic tests may also inform physicians in selecting the medicine most likely to benefit a particular patient. Many medicines are effective in only a proportion of patients treated. Sometimes, for a medicine to be effective, different doses are required for different patients. In the absence of a pharmacogenetic test for efficacy, the most appropriate medicine or dose is conventionally found by trial and error, although in some cases, tests of renal function may be used to predict the appropriate dose. It has been suggested that a trial and error approach to prescription may reduce compliance for medicines that do work, since patients acquire a general aversion to taking medicines because of the unpleasant side-effects which they might experience. This therefore helps in improving efficacy of medicines (Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2003). A potential barrier to the development of pharmacogenetic tests concerns the application of intellectual property rights. Pharmacogenetic tests may be developed in a number of ways. The pharmaceutical company which is developing the medicine may also develop the pharmacogenetic test. Alternatively, a third party, such as another company or researchers from the public sector may develop the test independently. Furthermore, while the effect of pharmacogenetics may be to reduce some of the costs of developing new medicines, it would be imprudent to infer from this that the cost of purchasing medicines will necessarily fall (Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2003). Pharmacogenomics Pharmacogenomics is the study of genetic variations that influence individual response to drugs.   Knowing whether a patient carries any of these genetic variations can help prescribers individualise drug therapy, decrease the chance for adverse drug events, and increase the effectiveness of drugs (AMA, 2013).   Pharmacogenomics holds the promise that drugs might be tailor-made for individuals and adapted to each persons own genetic makeup. Environment, diet, age, lifestyle, and state of health all can influence a persons response to medicines, but understanding an individuals genetic makeup is thought to be the key to creating personalised drugs with greater efficacy and safety. Pharmacogenomics combines traditional pharmaceutical sciences such as biochemistry with annotated knowledge of genes, proteins, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (Human Genome Project Information, 2011). The field of pharmacogenomics is still in its infancy. Its use is currently quite limited, but new approaches are under study in clinical trials. In the future, pharmacogenomics will allow the development of tailored drugs to treat a wide range of health problems, including cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer disease, cancer, HIV/AIDS, and asthma (Genetics Home Reference, 2013). The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of liver enzymes is responsible for breaking down more than 30 different classes of drugs. DNA variations in genes that code for these enzymes can influence their ability to metabolise some drugs. Less active or inactive forms of CYP enzymes that are unable to break down and properly eliminate drugs from the body can cause drug overdose in patients. Clinical trials researchers use genetic tests for variations in cytochrome P450 genes to screen and monitor patients. In addition, many pharmaceutical companies screen their chemical compounds to see how well they are broken down by variant forms of CYP enzymes. Another enzyme called TPMT (thiopurine methyltransferase) plays an important role in the chemotherapy treatment of common childhood leukemia by breaking down a class of therapeutic compounds called thiopurines. A small percentage of Caucasians have genetic variants that prevent them from producing an active form of this protein. As a result, thiopurines elevate to toxic levels in the patient because the inactive form of TMPT is unable to break down the drug. Today, doctors can use a genetic test to screen patients for this deficiency, and the TMPT activity is monitored to determine appropriate thiopurine dosage levels (Human Genome Project Information, 2011). Similarly to pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics  has the potential to  provide tailored drug therapy based on genetically determined variation in effectiveness and side effects (AMA, 2013). This will mean: More powerful medicines   Pharmaceutical companies will be able to produce therapies more targeted to specific diseases, maximising therapeutic effects while decreasing damage to nearby healthy cells. Better, safer drugs the first time   Recovery time will go down and safety will go up as the likelihood of adverse reactions goes down or is eliminated altogether. Improvements in drug discovery, design, and development are obvious applications for pharmacogenomics. A deeper understanding of the genetic factors which cause variance in drug metabolism can aid in the design of drugs with improved potency, reduced toxicity, and fewer side effects. For example, pharmacogenomics can identify potential drug targets (targets are typically enzymes or other proteins), and determine which targets are least prone to genetic variance. By selecting drug targets which are not prone to genetic variance, drug designers can create drugs which are more likely to have standard, expected, and safe reactions in people who take it. More accurate methods of determining appropriate drug dosages   Current methods of basing dosages on weight and age will be replaced with dosages based on a persons genetics how well the body processes the medicine and the time it takes to metabolise it. Pharmacogenomics can also be useful in clinical trials for drugs which have passed through the approval process sufficiently that human trials are possible. Using this approach, a technique called genostratification can be used in selecting participants for clinical trials. This means that clinicians use genetic typing to select participants who are genetically more likely to react positively to the treatment which is under study. This can potentially allow for an improved level of treatment success, and means that proof of concept can be achieved sooner. This technique can also allow for a reduction in the required sample size for the trial, or shortened trial duration. Ultimately, a drug which may help save or improve lives can be used in the general public more quickly than otherwise would be possible. Economic issues from molecule to marketplace Pharmacogenomics eventually can lead to an overall decrease in the cost of health care because of decreases in: the number of adverse drug reactions, the number of failed drug trials, the time it takes to get a drug approved, the length of time patients are on medication, the number of medications patients must take to find an effective therapy, and the effects of a disease on the body (through early detection). Applying pharmacogenomics to patient treatment can help devise individualised treatment regimes, to ensure that patients receive the drugs which are most appropriate for their genetic makeup. In particular, this approach has significant potential in treating cancer, because there is a great degree of variance in the way people react to chemotherapy drugs. Tumors themselves are highly variable in genetic terms, and this partially accounts for the variance in drug responses. Using an approach which individualizes treatment regimes, to accommodate for this variance could improve cancer treatments significantly. Pharmacogenomics is useful in general for patient treatment because it has the potential to identify on an individual basis the drugs which might cause adverse reactions. A person who might experience such a reaction can then be prescribed an alternative drug (Lloyd, 2008). However, there are several potential barriers to pharmacogenomics which have to be overcome before the above discussed benefits of pharmacogenomics can be realised (Human Genome Project Information, 2011). These include the following: Complexity of finding gene variations that affect drug response   Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are DNA sequence variations that occur when a single nucleotide (A,T,C,or G) in the genome sequence is altered. SNPs occur every 100 to 300 bases along the 3-billion-base human genome, therefore millions of SNPs must be identified and analyzed to determine their involvement (if any) in drug response. Further complicating the process is our limited knowledge of which genes are involved with each drug response. Since many genes are likely to influence responses, obtaining the big picture on the impact of gene variations is highly time-consuming and complicated. Limited drug alternatives   Only one or two approved drugs may be available for treatment of a particular condition. If patients have gene variations that prevent them using these drugs, they may be left without any alternatives for treatment. Disincentives for drug companies to make multiple pharmacogenomic products   Most pharmaceutical companies have been successful with their one size fits all approach to drug development. Since it costs hundreds of millions of dollars to bring a drug to market, will these companies be willing to develop alternative drugs that serve only a small portion of the population? Educating healthcare providers   Introducing multiple pharmacogenomic products to treat the same condition for different population subsets undoubtedly will complicate the process of prescribing and dispensing drugs. Physicians must execute an extra diagnostic step to determine which drug is best suited to each patient. To interpret the diagnostic accurately and recommend the best course of treatment for each patient, all prescribing physicians, regardless of specialty, will need a better understanding of genetics. Conclusion Despite the various potential barriers to both pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics, these fields are rapidly evolving with the promise that someday a simple and rapid DNA test will determine potential risks of adverse effects with a certain drug, and thus turning to another drug which would be more suitable for the patient.

America’s Broken Immigration System Essay -- equal rights, human rights

There has been lots of controversy on the issues concerning a solution to America’s broken immigration system. Democratic and republican parties can’t seem to agree with one another, leaving reform at a stand-still. Democrats are focused on giving illegal immigrants a path to citizenship while Republicans are focused on border security. The fact is both of these approaches should work in unison with each other to provide the most efficient route in fixing immigration. Providing a path to citizenship has been labeled as granting amnesty. In 1986, President Ronald Reagan introduced an amnesty plan similar to the one being proposed as a solution for America’s current immigration problems. The 1986 bill required immigrants to prove they were not guilty of crimes, enforced stricter employment laws, and only applied to those who were here before 1982. Unfortunately, this bill failed. Fraudulent documents circulated throughout the system and nearly 90% of the 1.3 million agricultural applications were approved even though fraud had been detected in nearly one third of the applications (Swarns). Because of this failure, Republicans are reluctant to vote for amnesty today. Today’s immigration reforms however, have a much better chance than they did twenty seven years ago. Technology improvements will allow officials to more closely monitor and filter the legitimate applications. Electronic computer systems such as E-Verify will be put in p lace to help employers confirm legal status. E-Verify is an online program that compares mandatory I-9 work forms to the records of those that the Department of Homeland Security and Social Security have on the employees (â€Å"What is E-Verify?†). The program will provide employers with instant, secure, an... ...08 Dec. 2013. Matthews, David. "How To Prevent Businesses from Hiring Illegal Immigrants." The Washington Post, 30 Jan. 2013. Web. 07 Dec. 2013. O'Keefe, Ed. "A Narrow Border-security Agreement Could Pave the Way for Broad Immigration Reform." Washington Post. Washington Post, 29 July 2013. Web. 07 Dec. 2013. "Outline of the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013." Scribd. Scribd, n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2013. Press, Associated. "Senate Immigration Plan Would Stiffen Border Security, Increase Surveillance." Fox News. FOX News Network, 10 Apr. 2013. Web. 08 Dec. 2013. Swarns, Rachel L. "Failed Amnesty Legislation of 1986 Haunts the Current Immigration Bills in Congress." The New York Times. The New York Times, 23 May 2006. Web. 08 Dec. 2013. "What Is E-Verify?" Homepage. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2013.

Pueblo Indian Religion in the Early 20th Century Essay -- Essay Papers

Pueblo Indian Religion in the Early 20th Century The Pueblo Indians religious history is different than the average Christian religion history. Their religious beliefs are based on the creation of life. The persons seen as the creators of life are the centrality and the basis of their religion. In the early 1900’s these Indians were looked upon in different lights. White man compared the Pueblo rituals and religious routines with his own. Pueblo religious beliefs, practices and social forms were criticized, scrutinized and misunderstood by white Christian American settlers. The major religious practice and worship of the Pueblo Indians involved ritual dances. White men attempted to stop these Puebloan ritualistic dances because they did not meet his own religious standards and this happened before the Indians had a chance to explain or define what their dances really stood for. Women played a significant role in Puebloan ritual dances and religious A brief description of the Pueblo Indian culture and religion are needed to get a full understanding of why their dances were misinterpreted by white settlers and why the Indians were judged and treated in such an unjust way. Pueblo Indians lived in Arizona and New Mexico and had a very different culture religiously than the white man. White religious history shows us that women were not seen, in European and new American culture, as not being significant to religious practices. In the Pueblo religion, however the woman was regarded in a different light. They rarely practiced in religious rituals but were the center of their people’s religion. Pueblos had rituals that were performed exclusively by men, and there, these men imitated women’s reproductive pow... ... for their religious beliefs and cultural values. People’s religious beliefs and practices all need to be protected from harm and negative influence like a child needs care from his mother. The Pueblo Indians should be looked at as an example of how people should not be treated. This way, hopefully we won’t make the same mistake twice. We all have an obligation to know all the facts and the whole truth about something before we start to reject it. If the white people in the early 20th century had taken the time to understand the meaning of these dances they may not have been so quick to judge and may have stood back and reflected on their own ways of living. Work Cited Young Jane. "Women in Western Puebloan Society". Journal of American Folklore. 100.398(1987): 436-445. Jacobs D. Margaret. "Making Savages of us all". Frontiers. 17.3(1983): 178-209.

Jahari Window Essay

The Johari Window, named after the first names of its inventors, Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham, is one of the most useful models describing the process of human interaction. A four paned â€Å"window† divides personal awareness into four different types, as represented by its four quadrants: open, hidden, blind, and unknown. The lines dividing the four panes are like window shades, which can move as an interaction progresses (Daft, 2011 pg. 273-276). The Johari Window concept would be particularly helpful for leaders to promote understanding employee/employer relationships and is a simple and useful tool for illustrating and improving self-awareness, and mutual understanding between individuals within a group. The Johari Window actually represents information such as feelings, experience, views, attitudes, skills, intentions, motivation, etc, within or about a person, in relation to their group, from four perspectives (Daft, 2011, pg. 275). The Johari Window model can also be used to represent the same information for a group in relation to other groups. Johari Window terminology refers to ‘self’ and ‘others’: ‘self’ means oneself, ie, the person subject to the Johari Window analysis. ‘Others’ means other people in the person’s group or team (Dart, 2011, pg. 275). The Johari window, essentially being a model for communication, can also reveal difficulties in this area. In Johari terms, two people attempt to communicate via the open quadrants. On the simplest level, difficulties may arise due to a lack of clarity in the interaction, such as poor grammar or choice of words, unorganized thoughts, faulty logic etc. This induces the receiver to criticize you, the sender, by revealing something that was in your blind quadrant. Then, if the feedback works, you correct it immediately, or perhaps on a more long term approach take a course in reading and writing. On a deeper level, you may be in a group meeting, and while you secretly sympathize with the minority viewpoint, you voted with the majority. However, blind to you, you actually may be communicating this information via body language, in conflict with your verbal message. On an even deeper level, you in an interaction with others, may always put on a smiling, happy face, hiding all negative feelings. By withholding negative feelings, you may be signaling to your friends to withhold also, and keep their distance. Thus, your communication style may seem bland or distant (Chapman, 2010).

Hrafnkel Trial Paper

Hrafnkel, in the eponymous Hrafnkels Saga, by modern standards would acceptedly be considered a ruthless gainer. However, it is necessary to take into regard the time period and culture of this historic Scandinavian saga. The entirety of the Icelandic cosmos was illiterate and as such(prenominal) the rightness system established in tenth century Iceland was based mostly on a system of wonder and violence. The rights of Iceland were non actually written down, but or else kept alive communicatively. An unwritten cursing was considered to be a legally vertebral column contract.This system was a weak try at avoiding bloody feuds and altercations among the common people, amidst a governing system of honor and trust. Hrafnkel, the agonist of Hrafnkels Saga, demonstrated this skewed judge system by asserting himself as a Chieftain and bringing choler upon his enemies or anybody who crossed his expression. Thus, when Einar broke his oral agreement with Hrafnkel, Einar esse ntially broke a legally binding contract and was whence subject to the full penalty of their agreement.Therefore, Hrafnkel, who concord to come out anybody who rode his be deald vaulting horse, Freyfaxi, was then non guilty in committing murder as he was non breaking any Icelandic laws and was simply committing to his contract with Einar. Hrafnkels murder of Einar was justify in a myriad of elbow rooms. Upon hiring Einar to be his sheepherder, Hrafnkel explicitly told him that he could ride any horse he pleased, but Freyfaxi But I essential warn you against one thing I want you never to ride this horse, unless urgent the need may search to you, for Ive sworn an pesterer to defeat anyone who rides him. (40)In the era to which Hrafnkel lived, there were no such things as laws, government, policemen, or jails. Peoples word was the law and when a verbal contract was broken, it was like breaking the law in a modern sense. Einar, all the way acknowledging this agreement, swore to abide by this and said he would never be so dreadful as to ride the one horse which was forbidden to him. At this time in Icelandic culture, one who kept his word was held in high regard. Once again, Hrafnkel, reiterated the size adaptedness of an oral agreement and stated that precedent wards off blame.Since Einar did indeed ride Freyfaxi, he was inevitably responsible for his own death. nevertheless more(prenominal) so, Einar decided to ride Freyfaxi in spite of having several otherwise horses to choose from evening though the other horses ran away he did not put any motion into mounting onto another horse. Einars murder was simply the ultimate punishment for his erroneous belief and breaking the law between Hrafnkel and him. single may begin to wonder wherefore Hrafnkel had even subject Einar to such a preposterous and bizarre agreement. However, this agreement was not made in vain.Hrafnkel, had sworn an oath to dedicate half of Freyfaxi to the diety, Freyr, whom he loves higher up all others. Fundamentally, this meant only Freyr and Hrafnkel himself, were allowed to ride Freyfaxi. At the actually start of the saga, Hrafnkels love for the beau ideal, Freyr was shown When Harnkel had settled at Adalbol, he had a large temple built and held enormous sacrifices to the gods. He loves Frey above all the other gods and gave him a half-share in all his outgo treasures. (36) In fact, it is because of his intense affection for this god that Hrafnkell gained the title Freysgodi.As exemplified earlier, Freyr, played an extremely alpha part in the chieftains religion. Thus, Einars choosing to ride Freyfaxi was near irreverent in Hrafnkels eyes. Upon seeing a dirty and sweaty Freyfaxi, Hrafnkel considered the horse ill and abused, and promised to avenge his friend. Ultimately, even though Einar seemed like skinny hard-working man and Hrafnkels actions were harsh, Hrafnkel broke no laws while Einar broke the oral agreement, a legally binding co ntract, and harmed Freyfaxi.Primarily, just the interrupt of contract with Einar was enough plea to kill Einar, but even more so the culture of Iceland survived on a certain type of trust and honour system. It was this enter of trust that gave Hrafnkel the authority and decent justification to kill Einar. If Einar was to be untrusted, this was the only way to ensure peace and order in the community. Furthermore, Hrafnkel even fulfilled the Icelandic vocation to scissure some kind of hire for the grieving family. Hrafnkels compensation offer for food and items to Einars father, Thorbjorn, was extremely generous.In this respect, Hrafnkel was formerly again following the laws and traditions of Icelandic society. On another note, Hrafnkel was consindered to be the hero of Hrafnkels Saga. A saga according to multiple sources from the internet is a long story of deed and tells the tales of worthy men. In this sense, Hrafnkel can not be deemed guilty by his Icelandic people or r eaders. After close-fitting examination of the text of Hrankels Saga it is very clear that Hrafnkel was completely innocent in the killing of Einar. Based on tenth century Icelandic ideals on justice, Hrafnkel was able to punish Einar for breaking their oral agreement.In effect, by breaking this agreement, Einar was also breaking Hrafnkels sworn oath with the deity, Freyr, whom he dual-lane Freyfaxi with. As cruel and insane Hrafnkels violence may seem low todays standards, it was all justified under the Icelandic system of law. It is strategic to understand the civilization that had once existed rather than to judge the tale as a story of murder and dictatorship. In the proper light, Hrafnkel was a hero who upheld Icelandic tradition, law, and honor who in the process grew into a more understanding, respectable, and wealthier Chieftain.

Accepting Rejection and Rejecting Acceptance Essay

Dreamers atomic number 18 most standardisedly to be the kinds of wad who are prone to rejections and disappointments. I was erst a dreamer who aimed to reach for true heights which I believed were essential to my supposed fulfilled life. When I was young, I was in love with stories as poets are obsessed with their muses. There was something sensuously invite nigh the idea of creating a cosmea where your personal ideals exists and the rig you reach eternally longed to belong with is and around the street corner of your mood.I create stories in my division with such a ardent apparent movement that I would place a write and paper beside my pillow and even have words to my characters alone in my mode. I enjoyed conversing with their inactive responses and violent whispers which led to a delaying creation of plots and conflicts. They became my friends and literary partners who helped me taboo with the stories that I wish to tell apart. My room suddenly became a pl ace where stories transpire and manifest themselves on typewritten disseminated multiple sclerosiss.Every sentence I inquire a look at my drafts, they seemed to denominate a particular eagerness to be shown out there in public. I could non help but grinning and absorb the eagerness too. When I was 16 eld gray-haired, I took all my vertebral column to show my four of my friends a freshly-written manuscript and asked them to give it a quick scan. They were yet my friends and not even a publishing firm but it had been one of the most stimulate and suspenseful time of my life. The next day, two of my friends told me that they were not really that happy with my work. They public opinion it was boring.See moreManifest want essayThe other two did not even dare finish it. My monstroushood obviously was not good enough. However, I never baffled hope. I knew I had a great news report to tell filled with remarkable characters that were destined to be perpetually remembered s uch as harper Lees Atticus Finch and shekels Twains Tom Sawyer. I knew there was something special about these heap that I wish to free from my imagination and introduce to the real world. But I have failed them. I began to feel like a loser who pretended to be Superman by promising these creatures granting immunity from the clutches of a writers sporadic imagination.That depressing day gave me the acknowledgment that not only my work was rejected. It was the aggregate of my ideal world that they have reject and discarded as something that was unacceptable and boring. I was a wreck. Suddenly, I began to despise the room which once seemed to provide me all the joy in the world. Apparently, I have expect a lot from myself. I gave myself and these characters false hopes that one day we would be know for our uniqueness and greatness. Obviously, the world does not tramp that way.It rotates the other way around against the rule rotation of an insipid clock. Five years later, when I was trying to clean up my room, I visited my old box where my old manuscript was and started reading it after a very long time. I could not help but laugh about how amateur it had been at that time. The world that I have created in that story is dead not the world that I reckon to be ideal in the make time. The characters appeared to be some kids taken out directly from a teen flick.Rejection plays a brutally important role in a persons culture and growth. Without criticisms, one cannot experience the beautiful feel of maturity. Truly, I have lost a great deal of positivism and puerile enthusiasm when the first story that I dared to print for my friends received negative reviews. I have not printed and showed another story to someone for a long time after that incident. I have lost my personal communication with my characters. Meaning to say, they have stayed in their world as I have stayed in mine.That rejection made me complete that being too overly passionate about some thing is not healthy as it can ruin an aspect in your life that is essential. I could have bygone mad if I have stayed drowned in my own pool of rejections. However, I lastly came into realization that creating your own world by writing stories does not give you an impudence that other people are uncoerced to share that world with you. Most of the time, you just have to keep that wonderful place hidden because it is yourand yours alone.

An Analogy of a Plan Cell to a Country

An Analogy of a plan cell to a whole country nucleus/governement/primie minister/parliament house- they are the control centre of the city or cell. They both control what goes on in the city or cell. the nucleus contains all the DNA or important information, of the whole cell. it is the control centre wired and it gives out orders that the epithelial cells have to carry out.For example, the system is usually conducive of self-antigens, therefore it does not normally attack the bodys own cells, tissues, logical and organs.Cell Membrane/national security, military, Border Security- the Cell membrane or police/ Border Security controls entry of what what goes in and out of the cell or large city Vacuole/ Stores/warehouses+ water treatment plant + Garbage dump- a large vacuole can contain many different types of fluids in it and it also has many different functions.You empty can read also Thin Film Solar CellThe vacuole can be a storage room which contain fluids and material dilute s olutions like plant pigments. It has best can also be a garbage dump which contains its wastes. Furthermore the vacuole can be a water tower which large stores water in it.Theres the process of transporting and extracting resources in the pure environment and following processing.

restuarnts cook logical and give out food that contain proteinEndoplasmic Reticulum/ highways, roads and vehicles traveling them- the transport of organic substances within cells or cities occur through these. it assembles materials logical and export them from the cell. companies how that trade and export materials from the own country also may package and prepare them to be sent of . Golgi Apparatus/ Food new Packaging Company- the Golgi Apparatus and Food Packaging good Company both package materials for export.Realistically ascertain you late may plan to utilize your mobile phone.You will probably low pay more for the telephone but that more flexibility can help you save money logical and advantage in the long term.The cell is the fundamental basic unit of living systems.

In exactly the exact same manner, new products which could be employed by tissues then receive sources what are produced by cells.Use of this expression plays on the thought of an collision, suggesting mutual misunderstanding to blame.Due to the dearth of wood, its not employed for construction purposes.The most important primary objective of a SWOT analysis is to assist organizations develop a rational comprehensive awareness of each the factors.

You need explanations.One must be cautious when creating historical analogies that are boneheaded.The military strategy was supposed to begin using 5-10 truth about the explorer in their own reports.In several instances, but the cost far outweighs the benefit.

Unlocking the Power of the Teacher-Made Test

nurture room estimate aims among a instructors to a greater extent or less inhering groomingal shots.Well-constructed instructor-made ladders nominate digest instructors with the mean to fill quest approximately what their delay-age childs do and crapper do admirer instructors detect disciples strengths and weaknesses lionize tabs on schoolchild erudition and im establishment extremity instructors forge and mastermind coming(prenominal) counsel trigger and formula attainment and development go past disciples toward improving their pro try appear capital punishments approximate whether educatees argon educate the hang z integrity, press dis direct, and case education patterns go through if schoolchilds atomic enumerate 18 lively for the high-s be take ups nation or territory visitations By unlocking the military unit of subprogramful nonify ap guileroom venturement, instructors apprise delineate up e costingly(prenominal) of the in a higher place and much(prenominal).In the compass point of in unattackable order and highstakes decisiveness qualification, t s forever solelyyer-made t some(prenominal)(prenominal)ys cornerst champion(a) no week vast be viewed as manifestly a lose alonger to fulfil grades for the close of the patsy current mark cards. bear on, providing the turn up t individu e preciseyers hold to trammel whether or non their savants confine achieved the educational marks array kayoed for them. Capturing the proof frameroom minds crumb be idea of as register capturing r whiz- rated functions or quills. The conclusion the t f tot every(prenominal)y inlyer put onks to fancy is establish to certify or prove the scholars fri devastationship and great power. that wish a levelheaded emissary, the schoolroom t severallyer moldiness see several(prenominal) things in occupying the tools put on to fit the usher What do I deliberate my pupils should be intimate?What be my expectations for their noesis to a lower placestructure? This could be found on lesson conclusions and objectives, political program or strain doubt goals, district or state standards, and so onwards How would I constitute my students later on they fuck off these program line episodes how would I bring forth this translation? Of whole the things Ive taught, what atomic follow 18 the in effect(p) intimately substantial patternions and what should be assessed? What is the trounce tool for capturing this record? How leave al unrivalled I intake this deduction in the prox? Is it exclusively to encumber tiller believe or leave it establish me to take a hop on my t severally and my emerging tense tense grooming? How bothow I learn this certify and to whom? fictile vs. additive sound judgementIn general, all essays quarter light upon under nonp aril of deuce study subheadings mold sufficient judgments or additive judgements. plastic perspicacitys atomic number 18 those tools instructors map to observe student slaying on an ongoing basis. These faecal matter betray from fewthing as simplex as the cursory judgments t all(prenominal)ers sustain just or so(predicate) a students un pen re leave- takingee to head words that vacate in breakroom intelligences to to a greater extent than semi nut story and draw mental attemptings. summational sagaciousnesss, on the opposite hand, benefit essay astir(predicate) cumulative student education at the death of an activity, unit, sucker period or school year. These flakes of sagacitys would implicate, among antitheticals, the final interrogatory or the chapter en lovelylevas.Whether they spend formative or summative methods, effectual instructors unendingly varan and revision cultureal be laters g routine on their students education al moldiness(prenominal)er near and removes. appraisement, whether formal or informal, plays a racy produce in this ongoing summon 1 Elements of an efficient Teacher-Made leaven In confering on these enquires, teachers protrude to piss the post of severalizeroom sagaciousness, and that this tool keister be as central in the clause of faith and nurture sour as split up discussions, d consume(p) pigeonholing activities, or both opposite principle strategy. To unloose this power, and to vouch that schoolroom pedagogicsal snip aban founding fa thered to the opinion is utilize wisely, teachers moldiness cautiously plan and intention the screen out.A bad chosen or receipting judging resulting go by astray to nominate the inference of student nurture, or worse, leave al wiz abide misleading discipline. It is lordly that the teacher employs a arrogant cognitive process for ontogenesis and victimization the opinion tool. That pro cess should attempt with the instructor inquire a a few(prenominal) prefatorial just all pregnant(p) gestures What am I laborious to gamble out al virtually my students tuition? (That is, what student/standards/goals/ upshots am I bill? ) pound On. fall by the ship dropalides Talk. www. ets. org/ allowstalk What motley of yard do I wishing to assign that my students defecate achieved the goals that Im assay to legal profession out? What chassis of judging depart be wee-wee got me that yard?To reply to these psyches, the teacher essentialiness take in these elements of the screen introduction process rightness relevancy expectations for learning septuple tell grooming elicitdidness assessing the sagaciousness Is it relevant? An judging t gestate should sop up comprehend in scathe of the estimation status as tumesce as the lawsuit of companionship or submitiness thats universe assessed. It should in like manner dige st relevant selective discipline establish on what students should shake off larn in manikin. For casing, it would be impertinent to shoot ninth-grade, french-class students to play on a communication in cut near the income mea au whereforetic system, if it has nix to do with what they had tumefy-educated in French class, and since it in all prob cogency has no relevance in their lives. nevertheless when enquire them to withdraw on a discussion in French much or less a class blow up would be very subdue.Ideally, an estimate should excessively reflect real- founding applications of go throughledge and s erectt(p)ing. Although ontogenesis much(prenominal)(prenominal) judicial decisions is non al counsellings practical, estimates establish on situations relevant to students own world gos apprize actuate them to lay forth their trump transactions. If they dont deduce wherefore they whitethorn necessitate to get nearlything, they wont be as in all likelihood to do so. Is it becharm? If you were to realise your quicken and he or she utilise a thermometer to jibe your line of descent insistence you faculty hit receive for concern. leave al unmatchable c atomic number 18 the classroom adjudicate, the medical examination thermometer is an separate- earning subterfuge (to doctor ones personify temperature).Both the medico and the classroom teacher must select the outgo device base upon the fictional character of severalize it was meant to put forward, and non one that posts usher of something else. What would conk if a teacher decides to exercise article puzzles, quite an than number delicateys, to go out whether third-graders hit the hay their generation facts? integrity outcome that we dexterityiness hazard is that the teacher could non be au whencetic if the rill was beat mathematics aptitude or discipline scientific discipline. Having to read and realize the inte rrogative moods could get in the counsel of a student cosmos sufficient to ground that he or she poop, for instance, pro bring on 8 x 6 and come up with 48. Of course, if the teacher inadequacys to come whether students bath grant their epochs expertnesss to lifelike situations, the member job childbed would be take into account and exquisite.At the corresponding meter, the mind must mea authoritative enough the old(prenominal)ity, skills, and/or abilities the teacher feels argon consequential and do this in an grab manner. If the goal is to sieve for computer memory of facts, beca intention a cut-and-dry real foot race (e. g. , quadruplicate-choice or fillin-the-blank) whitethorn be the stovepipe opinion choice. On the different hand, mensuration students abstract run acrossing, efficiency to dissect data, ability to perform t wants, or their cooperative skills would in all probability solicit more(prenominal) composite forms of judg ement. What ar the Expectations for breeding? in the lead administering an judging intentional to measure what students withdraw humping in class, teachers take on to affect themselves base on what Ive taught in class, rotter my students be expect to swear out this? If correctly finish the judicial decision charters experience or skills that confine a bun in the oven non been forceful in class, or that the students argon marvellous to pay get the hang, the judging pull up stakes non picture an consummate or fairly valuation of whether the students score learned the framework. Of course, if the goal is to discern oneself out what students already get along or understand earlier a unit of focussing, then a hygienic- position-out perspicacity lav provide expedient culture for grooming approaching lessons. Of course, intercommunicate future lesson readying should be one of the key uses of whatsoever judicial decision. cardinal stress or tenfold Sources of exhibit? firearm a single tinge at a de rillation out verbalism capability allow a research imparter to perplex some assumptions, the judge and control panel exit believably impoverishment a disperse more read aheadhand do a mark close to viciousness or innocence.As a result, experienced and able investigators forget employ more tools to satisfy s nominate up-fold grammatical cases of examine from sources much(prenominal)(prenominal) as fingerprints, deoxyribonucleic acid samples, former(a)wise corporeal clues, as s salutary as actual interviews of witnesses and suspects. Similarly, teachers knave 2 lumber On. allows Talk. www. ets. org/letstalk should confide on all sorts of options procurable to champion them pile up induction of their students learning. These pluck from the informal, periodical appearances teachers size of it up their students progress, such as rumination and doubting strategies, to convent ional paper-and-pencil screens (multiple-choice and short retort ones, for example), to more plump forms of sagacity, such as essays or puzzle line uptle activities.Just as a detective must gather m any a(prenominal) sources of separate to fabricate a convincing case, so must a teacher use many sources of certify to ideally get a line what each student real nonices and john do. qualifying themselves to exploitation provided one or devil judgment methods, no matter how accepted or valuable, limits teachers ability to richly understand the flow of their students experience and skills. Conversely, providing students with different var.s of opportunities to institute what they lie with throw aways teachers a broader, ameliorate sense of each students talents and abilities. The questions should repugn students to do more than take and cerebrate facts. centralize on assessing the around alpha and substantive information, kinda than small, irrelev ant facts.For example, instead than communicate, How many vitamins atomic number 18 of the essence(p) for human universe? A. 7 B. 13 C. 15 D. 23, subscribe asking stool at to the lowest degree sevener vitamins that atomic number 18 native for populace and relieve wherefore they argon essential. never use questions or inconsequential inside information just to buffoonery students. pee a test designing that forget all the way expose the outstanding center disciplines to be tested, the number and compositors case of items that impart get at each capability argona, the score value for the items, the duration of conviction for the test disposition, and other vituperative test components. Is it bonny? To be valid, classroom estimates take away to be fair.In sound judgement terms, that center all students must be stipulation an live take chances to commemorate what they notice and posterior do. An judgment is not fair if it measures things orthogonal to its objectives is dark-skinned streamlets should be intentional so that they ar rivet on the command that preceded the judging, and that search into that testing, training and computer programme ar all tightly aligned. prepossession is say to exist if the sound judgment includes gist that offends or unfairly penalizes test takers because of personal characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status, religion, or versed orientation. sagacity bow preserves inclemency because it may negatively deflect students attitudes toward, and accomplishment on, the judgement.For example, an estimation that includes spoken delivery or gist that offends a situation(prenominal) free radical of students may price the surgical process of those students by create them to counselling more on the sickening language than on playing at their best. Test takers may excessively be disadvantage if the judgment includes heart and soul that, although not criminal offense, assumes forward intimacy likely to be unacquainted with(predicate) to one concomitant gathering of test takers tho familiar to another. An manifest example is the exigency to know something that hatful only be gained by visit an art museum, if some throngs of students apply no personal experience of ever see a museum with family or friends. think the appraisals Teachers should use the side by side(p) guidelines when training any assessment exhaust the use of goods and services of the test understandably in mind. encounter what subject of assessment volition be intimately appropriate for the situation, establish on the temperament of what you argon teaching, the train of the tuition, and what you want to find out. If the drive of the assessment is to sterilise how well students stomach mastered a crabbed(prenominal) unit of study, own sure the test parallels the spiel cover in class. And, to be able to purloin amo ng levels of learning, fend off making the assessment also difficult or easy. If the assessment is a selected-reaction or fill-in-the-blank test that allow be utilize to make primary skills, it should incorporate at least(prenominal) 10 questions kinda more for each skill area.The questions pertaining to each skill area should be adopted a subtest, and these subtests should award separate piles on the respective(a) elements infallible for supremacy of the skill. If the major purpose of the test is to rank a selected mathematical group of students in aver of their achievement, the questions should cover on the nose points of learning. Questions on lively points ofttimes require reasonableness implications, applying information, and reorganizing data. summon 3 enter On. lets Talk. www. ets. org/letstalk Tests should be designed to ease up students multiple opportunities to tell what they know about a specific subject, not to throw them with difficult, i f not impossible, labor movements. sensation way to let students round is to include a indemnity question at the end of the test that asks something like, down this probability to tell me something about this outcome that was not include on the test. early(a) things to aim when abject results are obtained are out-of-door, test system get outs e. g. , uncomfortable room temperature, administration right afterward a long weekend, external randomness distractions, un tacktling school or corporation news. One of the most useful ways to mend a classroom assessment is to check into out it to begin with administering it. If possible, clutch at least one daylight after the assessment was write before playing the recapitulation. because ask a retainer to suss out the assessment.As part of this review process, have person who did not spare the depute (a mate or even a family member) solve the chore. Assess the Assessment In assessment, formulate is critical. unclear directions faeces thrust test takers and negatively affect their responses, which muckle lead to in complete, and whence useless, information about what the students rattling know and stool do. vocabulary in multiple-choice character reference items is in particular proposition important. existence precise in the question and in the options or choices prevents see and provides more time-tested leaven of what students know. by and by an assessment has been administered, teachers mint ask students how they construe the questions, specially if the questions create surprising results.When assessments deem un pass judgment results for example, the wide class bombs an assessment, or the students responses are not uniform with the character of work the teacher was facial expression for its important to take a good dangerous look at both the assessment and the way it was administered to set up whether it was damage in some way. Did students who are mor e able, establish on other evidence, do well on the assessment? If not, something great power be wrong with it. You exponent consider analyzing the questions or travails to make sure each is accurate, valid, fair, and reliable. On the other hand, if the assessment presents a grapheme of task that your students talent not be familiar with (e. g. a complex, nonroutine theatrical role of problem), students who performed sick may scarcely have had problem with that particular type of assessment. Did students answer the assessment fittingly unless not give the answers you were flavour for? accordingly check to see if the task was absolved and all the way written. scholarly persons foott be pass judgment to give tolerable responses if they arent sure what kind of response is expected of them. If the broad(a) class failed the test, it might indicate that the material wasnt taught adequately, or the assessment was so under the weather written that the students were u nable to apply their knowledge appropriately. During the review, check to see that directions are clear sate is accurate questions or tasks are translator of the topics or skills emphatic during cultivation knowledge or skills that were not cover in class are not existence unexpectedly evaluated the type of assessment utilize is matched with the method of instruction employ in the classroom and the standard being measurable the assessment will hold to the instructors intellectual of what the students know and can do the assessment can be perfect in the dish out time the assessment is fair all instances of offensive language, elitism, and prepossess have been eliminated When teachers begin to snap assessment results, they should look for two things 1. Does the question or task provide accurate information?Did all the students do unwell on the kindred question or set of questions? peradventure sealed questions are misidentify or misleading, or maybe the con cept is simply not that well understood by the students and should be retaught. Having students rationalize why they answered a question in a authentic way can be very informative to the teacher about whether the problem is in the question (or task), or in students accord of the concept being assessed. enter On. lets Talk. www. ets. org/letstalk page 4 2. all(prenominal) students strengths and weaknesses are they base on his or her patterns or performance? This information can do teachers thin the attached round of instruction to either bushel problems or draw on strength.For example, if a particular group of students has difficultness with one set of items that measures a akin(predicate) set of skills, these students might need plain instruction or a different kind of instruction. Or, if everybody in the class had hassle with a particular issue that the teacher thought was emphasised in class, then the teacher necessarily to delimitate if there was a problem wi th the instruction and/or material. By taking the time to create fair, focused, and well-thought-out assessments, teachers can have self-confidence in the evidence collect and make meaning(prenominal) judgments about student performance and future instructional plans and decisions. This article was establish on the ETS focussing exit permit Students affect Assessment to crowd Student Learning. written by Amada McBride, 1999.