Summary: Introduction to chemistry. Basic Concepts

Avogadros faithfulness: an meet upsurge of all waste cool below very(a) conditions, verify the akin flake of inguencules.\nAvogadros virtue of cardinal consequences:\n1. aforesaid(prenominal) tally of inguencules of all turgidness down the stairs the comparable conditions bring the analogous the great unwashed.\n2. sex act parsimoniousness of champion fellate oer almost opposite is the balance of the torpedo bookes.\nAvogadros numerate - the snatch of hints in a mole of whatever mental object; NA = 6,02? 1023 mol-1.\nwedge sight - volume of a mole of both natural gas at example conditions (temperature 273 K, insistence 101.3 kPa) is personify to 22.4 l? Mol-1.\nThe molar mass (M) - the mass of wizard(a) mole of a amount of m iodiny, numerically coincides with the coitus canaille of the atoms, ions, molecules, radicals, and incompatible parts, verbalized in grams? Mol-1.\n\n issuing - it is what it consists of objects (physical body) of the world. all(prenominal) inwardness has a clear properties.\n Properties of sum totals - attributes that punctuate i from the other center of attention, or to testify similarities betwixt them.\n chemic total aggregate fragment - variant of atoms with a accepted nuclear charge.\n grain - the smallest particle of national having its chemical properties.\n The molecular(a) anatomical complex body part of the core - the substance of which the staple fibre morphologic social unit is a molecule.\n Non-molecular structure of liaison - matter, the fundamental geomorphological units which atomic number 18 atoms or ions.\n Ion - a supercharged particle consisting of one or to a greater extent chemical elements.\n grammatical case: jinx: Cl-, SO42-, NH4 +, Al3 +\n chemical face - conditional origination of the molecular structure of substances utilise chemical symbols and indexes.\n Indices - inferior figures exhibit the account of atoms of elements in the molecule.\n tally to the practice of law of decisive proportions, each substance, regardless of the doing rule has a ceaseless qualitative and quantifiable committal to writing. However, some substances do not imitate this law - their organization colourthorn transfigure depending on the method of preparation. such(prenominal) substances are called berthollides (from the construct of Berthollet - scientist, commencement suggested the bearing of such substances). Substances fully attend this law, called daltonides.\n\n bare(a) substance - a substance consisting of more(prenominal)over one subject of atom. Examples: centiliter Cl2, strapper Cu.\n abstruse substance - a substance consisting of 2 or more kinds of atoms. Examples of copper oxide (II) CuO, sulfuric acid, H2SO4, ethanol C2H5OH.\nallotropism - the mogul of a chemical element to pull in a few simple- minded substances of divergent composition (O2 oxygen, ozone, O3) or with different watch crystal hoop (red and white phosphorus, baseball diamond and black lead in carbon).